However, these concepts have no clear definition, raising concerns they may be abused for protectionist purposes. This article aims to contribute to the debate on whether these screening concepts are a reasonable response to state-based investment threats. It does so by taking a ‘threats-based’...
2021). As a result, domestic stakeholder groups voiced opposition to their government on seemingly investor-friendly provisions in existing investment agreements that could compromise their legal sovereignty. This regime-wide legitimacy crisis has caused a sharp rise in the number...
3.2.1Dependent Variable Given that there is no universally accepted definition of ‘reshoring’, the literature delineates the general strategy of repatriating activities in a variety of ways. For example, Albertoni et al. (2017) defined it as “the voluntary (i.e. not forced by host country ...
2.1.2 Materialization in International Instruments The development of the right to data protection entered a new phase by the beginning of the 1980s, when the OECD and the Council of Europe adopted instruments for the processing of personal information. Two key international instruments were ...
As per the OECD Innovation Strategy, trade is considered a primary factor in strengthening business innovations worldwide (OECD,2015; see also Johnson and Van Wagoner,2021). Evidence suggests that open rather than restrictive trade between countries enables innovation to thrive (Auboin et al.,2021...
14) definition of economic globalization as ‘the integration of economic activity across borders, through markets’. For a broader discussion of this notion, see, e.g., https://www.piie.com/microsites/globalization/what-is-globalization (accessed on 18 August 2024). 2 Patel et al.’s (...