Proportionalitylaw of warContrary to the common claim that jus in bello proportionality is an obscure and intractable principle of modern warfare, this paper shows that proportionality balancing has a central role to play in assuring efficient military operations with a minimum number of casualties. ...
The idea ofjus in bellospecifies how a state must act in times of war. The two principles of jus in bello are distinction andproportionality[14]. Distinction covers the way that we carry out the war itself, in the sense of which targets are and are not legitimate. The concept of proport...
There is extensive discussion in current Just War literature about the normative principles which should govern the initiation of war (jus ad bellum) and also the conduct of war (jus in bello), but this is the first book to treat the important and difficult issue of justice after the end ...
词条proportionality在英语»西班牙语中的译文 proportionality[prəˌpɔ:ʃənælɪti,美-ˌpɔ:rʃənælət̬i]名词无复数 proportionality proporcionalidadf 到英语_美式英语 您希望如何使用 PONS.com? 广告版的PONS 像往常一样访问PONS.com并进行广告跟踪和广告投放 ...
jus in bellooverwhelming forceOne of the traditional requirements of jus in bello is that military action should be proportionate in the loss and injury caused to troops to the military objectives it secures. However, the 'overwhelming force' applied in two Gulf Wars has been criticised as ...
First, proportionality is part of jus ad bellum , the moral and legal norms which constrain the initial resort to armed force, as well as the continuation of armed conflict. Second, proportionality is part of jus in bello , the moral and legal norms which regulate the conduct of hostilities...
The last true proportionality discussed is a consideration of hostile action taking during a conflict, or jus in bello proportionality. This consideration weighs the expected military gain of a particular action against the collateral damage and injuries that are expected from the act. Finally, the ...
jus in bellorightscollateral damagepacifismAppealing to the doctrine of double effect, just war theorists claim that only the direct and intentional killing of innocents violates their rights, but not the mere acceptance of their killing as a side-effect of an attack on a military target. The ...
Rather than serving as a necessary basis for a positive articulation of lawful force as an exception to the norm, jus in bello proportionality delineates the outer boundaries of the commander's appropriate discretion. The mere invocation of jus in bello proportionality cannot become an effective ...
ProportionalityStuxnetCyber AttackJus in belloIn June 2010, a computer worm called Stuxnet was discovered. Soon it was revealed that Stuxnet was specifically designed to attack nuclear facilities in Iran. Idoi:10.2139/ssrn.2634504Abdollahzade, Nima...