When light crosses a boundary into a material with a higher refractive index, its direction turns to be closer to perpendicular to the boundary (i.e., more toward a normal to that boundary; see Figure 4). This is the principle behindlenses. We can think of a lens as an object with a...
After introducing the physical parameterization of light in terms of standard units, three concepts of light are introduced: light as a wave, light as a quantum particle, and light as a quantum field. After highlighting the distinctive characteristics of light beams from various sources - thermal ...
In solid materialsZ = √ρ.√ϲwhere ρ is the density and ϲ is theelastic stiffnessof the material. Piezoelectric Characteristics Table Polymers have low piezoelectric constant compared to ceramics. Shape change of ceramic-based materials is more than that of polymer-based materials when the ...
The bipolar characteristics of light emitting polymer containing electron- and hole-transporting moieties are responsible for carrier transport and balance throughout the light-emitting layer and, as such, can be used to enhance the brightness and efficiency of PLEDs [13], [14], [15], [16], ...
Inadequate processing characteristics and performance are major obstacles to the broader adoption of sustainable polymer materials. Here, the authors show that co-assembly of oligopeptide-based polymer end groups and a corresponding low molar mass additive leads to a hierarchical structure, resulting in ...
Watch gallium metal melt in the hand and beat like a heart. High-efficiency, triple-junction gallium arsenide solar cells cover the sides of U.S. Naval Academy satellite MidSTAR-1 (Photo: NASA) Appearance and Characteristics Harmful effects: ...
The Properties of LightLearning Objectives Identify and define the characteristics of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) used in microscopy Explain how lenses are used in microscopy to manipulate visible and ultraviolet (UV) light Clinical Focus: Nathan, Part 1 Nathan, a 17-year-old counselor at a ...
and colloid chemists use 1 μm [6]. According to Geotechnical engineers, differentiation between silts and clays can be done on the basis of the plastic characteristics of the soil, as measured by the soils’ Atterberg limits. The combination of silts, sand and clay (<40%) are called loam...
Temperature investigation of the gate-drain diode of power GaAs MESFET with low-temperature-grown (Al)GaAs passivation We have investigated the breakdown-temperature characteristics of the gate-drain diode of a GaAs metal semiconductor field-effect transistor with low-tempe... LW Yin,NX Nguyen,Y Hw...
Lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) is a widely used material in civil engineering. This paper aims to evaluate the macro- and microcharacteristics of lightweight aggregate concrete which has served as the deck in the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge for 50 years. The average compressive strength an...