MLP (Multilayer Perceptron) neural networks are loosely analogous to biological nervous systems, and comprise of multiple layers of fully connected nodes with learnable weights and bias terms, which, when coupled with non-linear activation functions between layers, enable complex relationships between ...
This paper re-evaluates the formative year of quantum mechanics—from Heisenberg’s first paper on matrix mechanics to Schrödinger’s equivalence proof—by focusing on the role of radiation in the emerging theory. We argue that the radiation problem played a key role in early quantum mechanics,...
T cells have the ability to sense and discriminate a wide range of antigenic peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecules according to their affinity for the T cell receptor (TCR). Small differences in binding kinetics between TCR ligands lead to marked differences in T cel...
1). The derivation is omitted here but is a straightforward differentiation of a linear map and can be found in [23]. There are two advantages of using this function: (1) it depends only on the angle of the 3D mesh (i.e. cotangent term), and (2) the first-order derivative of ...
The first phosphorylation of MAPK leads to its complex with MAPKK (C1) becoming more unstable and to a finite probability of that complex breaking down, releasing MAPKK and a phosphorylated MAPK. The latter is dephosphorylated by a phosphatase. These side reactions provide a “discard” pathway ...
Beside receptor recognition and virus entry, members of the SARS-CoV-2 replication/transcription complex are promising targets for designing antivirals. Here, the interacting residues that mediate protein–protein interactions (PPIs) of nsp10 with nsp16 and nsp14 were comprehensively analyzed, and the...
1 Introduction Apart from basic mathematical structures such as sets, functions, lists and num- bers, applying an automated theorem-proving system to hardware and software engineering problems tends to involve mathematical theories of a rather different nature from the traditional subject matter of pure...
Therapeutic cancer vaccines are a heterogeneous group of complex biologics with distinctly different clinical characteristics which require the development of new clinical paradigms. Hoos et al. proposed the use of a “proof-of-principle” trial which would include patients in a metastatic setting withou...
This might change with the development of low-dose PET-CT.7 Moreover, PET scanners are expensive and complex to acquire, run, and maintain, which contributes to stark global inequities, with only five PET scanners existing for roughly 50 low-income countries covering a total population of 706...
(NMR) signal in human tissue. Along with displaying the morphology and a wide range of contrasts, the visualization of tissue functions becomes increasingly important. The sodium cations (23Na+) play a major role in many fundamental physiological functions in human tissues1. The level of low ...