Under a Creative Commons license open accessHighlights Abstract The use of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) and Land Value Capture (LVC) as a procurement model to deliver Urban Rail Transit (URT) systems and networks has received mixed reviews. This paper addresses the following research question:...
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For emerging economies lacking public budgets, continuous improvement of urban wastewater treatment efficiency (UWTE) requires effective government supervision of wastewater treatment infrastructures (WTIs) and participation of private capital seeking to
Moreover, the implementation of the PPP mode introduces uncertainties like transaction costs, financing challenges, and potential cost overruns41,42. Hypothesis 1.1: the PPP mode can improve the efficiency of sewage treatment and reduce the intensity of sewage discharge. Hypothesis 1.2: the PPP mode...
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Training of private sector providers may be one of the more operationally feasible and cost-effective approaches to improving private sector case management and has been shown to improve adherence to national guidelines for anti-malarial prescription and improved prescription behaviors by private practitione...
Interestingly, according to Reddit’scontent policy, while it may share public content on the Reddit platform with others, it “does not license or make publicly available private data about Redditors” including their posts and comments in private communities. As such one must question whether b...
Companies can prioritize diverse types of sustainable investment finance to reflect their concerns about climate change and carbon emissions. One such investment avenue is voluntary carbon offset (VCO) projects, in which companies invest to offset their
existence of two types of infrastructure projects: • License: A license is given where a party, usually the • Social infrastructure: These projects involve the state, gives a third party the right to own or use building and/or operation of infrastructure assets to something. support the ...