The design of hydrogels where multiple interpenetrating networks enable enhanced mechanical properties can broaden their field of application in biomedical materials, 3D printing, and soft robotics. We report a class of self-reinforced homocomposite hydr
1f). Owing to a high density of charged carboxylic acid groups, the hydrophilic PAA chains facilitate rapid interfacial water uptake and can quickly consolidate with tissue surfaces to form intermolecular bonds9,22,23. Reactive NHS ester groups further contribute to tissue adhesion by interacting ...
Fabrication of composite hydrogels can effectively enhance the mechanical and functional properties of conventional hydrogels. While ceramic reinforcement is common in many hard biological tissues, ceramic-reinforced hydrogels lack a similar natural prot
3D printing started being developed in the biomedical and industrial manufactory sector in the mid-1980s and adopted during the 1990s in the construction industry through the “Contour Crafting” and “Selective aggregation” printing methods to later develop in the twenty-first century “Freeform con...
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(3) a tight interface between the stiff elements and the soft matrix14. Moreover, natural materials form through bottom-up growth, where they are assembled by the most fundamental building blocks in a hierarchical manner. For example, the hierarchical structure of bone has up to seven levels ...
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The range of optimum values of viscosity for 3D bioprinters (inkjet, extrusion-based, laser-assisted) is considered between 0.03 Pa·s and over 6 × 104 Pa·s [40]. However, the simple power-law dependence can only be used to describe an ink flow across the shear rate range to which ...
The test shape was designed to simulate the typical construction of freeform components. The test results were classified as either YES or NO, with YES indicating that all 4500 mm of filament was successfully deposited without blockage or fracture. Figure 4. Extrudability test procedure [64]. ...
Athixstructural build-up (Pa/s),τs,fSYS value (Pa) obtained from the 7th period,τs,iSYS value (Pa) obtained from the 5th period, andtdrepresents the duration time (480 s). As is known, the typical shear-stress behavior of cementitious systems under a constant shear rate begins with...