Untangling the downstream effects of L5 stimulation may generate highly specific interventional strategies for pain management. Behavioral determinants and circuit mechanisms controlling L6-CT output pathways are only beginning to be studied, e.g., refs. 64,65, let alone those that potentially lead to...
These cytokines can be pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory and trigger other downstream effects that may lead to a positive feedback loop of cytokine secretions. This long-term cycle may ultimately contribute to the disruption of the BBB, as well as chronic neuroinflammation we may observe in ...
GEFs promote the exchange of GDP for GTP, activating the RhoGTPase and allowing effector binding and downstream signaling27. In turn, GAPs promote GTP hydrolysis, thereby returning RhoGTPases to their inactive, GDP-bound state26,28,29. Finally, GDIs sequester RhoGTPases in the inactive ...