Area, on the other hand, refers to how much space a two-dimensional shape or surface occupies. Pressure is the force exerted over a unit area. To distinguish the differences between the three quantities, consider the tip of a ballpoint pen being pressed into thick cardboard. The act of ...
Figure 2. Sketch of the vertical extension of the various layers over rough surfaces and their variation with the nondimensional quantities z/zh and zi/zh. Here, z denotes the (physical) height, zi refers to the boundary layer height, and zh is the (average) height of roughness elements....
The jet centerline can be modeled by a circular arc of radius r when a two-dimensional incompressible jet flow becomes reattached to a side wall that is parallel to the nozzle axis at an offset distance50. The pressure inside the reattached jet is equal to the minimum pressure of the separa...
A three-dimensional (3D) fiber stress formula was developed to reduce the deviation of the two-dimensional (2D) fiber stress formula in calculating the 3D stress. The on-axis and off-axis stress鈥搒train relationship was first presented. The 3D fiber stress formula was then derived analytically...
Note that the favorable pressure gradient is obtained at the most upstream velocity measurement station (x = -108 mm) and the values of nondimensional (adverse) pressure gradient P + at two downstream stations (x = 396 mm and x = 540 mm) are nearly equal to each other (see Tble 1)....
According to formula (6), the free energy difference is positive if χ < χs(x0), with χs(x) = − 3a ϕ(x) , (8) and hence this inequality defines unstable regions, where superconductivity is suppressed. Examining Eq. (3) for |x0| ≤ 0.288, we find that satisfied. ...
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We also choose a volume form μ on M, a top-dimensional form which is pointwise nonvanishing. One can of course choose the precise volume form μg induced by the metric; however, for the sake of generality, we allow for arbitrary μ. This has physical significance to compressible ...
Two-dimensional (2D) materials and their heterostructures (HSs) have attracted tremendous attention, owing to many intriguing material properties arising from the layered structure [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7]. Due to their unique layered structure, there is an exclusive degree of...
More recently, a new kind of topological material, the three-dimensional (3D) Dirac semimetal was discovered, with examples of SrMnBi2, Na3Bi and Cd3As2.18–29 As a 3D analogue to graphene, the Fermi surface of the 3D Dirac semimetal only consists of 3D Dirac points with linear energy ...