Just as the 1980s were heralded by a series of reports on adjustment, so the 1990s have seen two major reports on poverty: World Development Report 1990: Poverty, by the World Bank, and Human Development Report 1990 by the UNDP. The author presents an overview of conceptual issues and the...
Just as the 1980s were heralded by a series of reports on adjustment, so the 1990s have seen two major reports on poverty: World Development Report 1990: Poverty, by the World Bank, and Human Development Report 1990 by the UNDP. The author presents an overview of conceptual issues and the...
This contribution stems from work developed within the Regional Project to Overcome Poverty (UNDP-Latin America). Its main contention is that measuring poverty involves the same general approach as measuring social progress or developmen... J Boltvinik - Palgrave Macmillan UK 被引量: 17发表: 1994...
3Although some researchers regard the role of wild rodents as vectors of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome transmission, here we will use the definition that wild rodents that are hosts to hantavirus act as reservoirs only. 4Although rodents can be considered vectors of the leptospirosis cycle, we ...
It is widely known that the definition of poverty has many dimensions. Even when absolute poverty can be eliminated in rural China, relative poverty still exists in the long run. In addition, poverty can not only be measured by a wealth status but also a subjective feeling. Mahmood et al....
With some minor changes this is also the definition adopted by DFID. The IDS team also outlined a tentative framework to analyse sustainable rural livelihoods. It has three elements: Livelihood2 resources, Livelihood strategies, and Institutional processes and organizational structures. To understand the...
In the broadest sense, all measures of poverty or economic need are relative because context is important to the definition of needs. The World Bank uses poverty measures of $1.25–2 per person per day—or $1095–2190 per year for a family of three—for the developing nations of Africa, ...
This chapter deals with the problems related to various topics such as the definition of poverty, the point of the Millennium Declaration, the value of development aid, the question whether poor countries can help themselves, the idea that poverty could be based on a self-fulfilling prophecy, ...
2. Energy poverty definition and main drivers 3. Energy poverty measurement methods 4. Energy poverty indicators 5. Effect of energy poverty on quality of life 6. Discussion and recommendations 7. Conclusions CRediT authorship contribution statement Declaration of competing interest Acknowledgement Data av...
It is important to have in mind the conventions used to construct these figures and their limits, primarily related to the definition of income [8]. First, very often in household surveys, only cash receipts are included and/or they dominate, while in-kind receipts—payments to indi- vi...