On May 6, 1933, four days before the Nazi's famous episode of book-burning at the German universities, when they consigned volumes by Marxists, Jews, and modernists to the flames, the Nazis staged a preview in Berlin. They ransacked the Institute for Sexual Science led by the famous gay...
The Netherlands is bounded by theNorth Seato the north and west,Germanyto the east, and Belgium to the south. If the Netherlands were to lose the protection of its dunes and dikes, the most densely populated part of the country would be inundated (largely by the sea but also in part by...
(Gypsies), and others. There was a significant Jewishcommunityin Lithuania prior to World War II, and an influx of Jews from German-controlled Poland in 1941 boosted this population to nearly 250,000. By 1944, however, the majority of the population had been murdered, deported, or sent to...
The colonizing whites, mostly Spaniards, were joined in the 19th and 20th centuries by immigrants fromEast Asiaand from such European countries asFrance, Italy, England, and Germany, as well as by small numbers of Sephardic Jews and Arabs fromNorth Africaand theMiddle East. This last group of...
In 1916 the Greek premier Eleuthérios Venizélos formed a provisional government in Thessaloníki that declared war on Bulgaria and Germany. In 1941 the city was captured by Germans, during whose occupation most of the city’s approximately 60,000 Jews were deported and exterminated. The Via ...
Even before themandate, the desire for a Jewishhomelandprompted a small number of Jews to immigrate toPalestine, a migration that grew dramatically during the second quarter of the 20th century with the increased persecution of Jews worldwide and subsequentHolocaustperpetrated by NaziGermany. This vas...
000 of the city’s Jews were imprisoned in the Riga ghetto, shot in the Rumbula forest, and buried in mass graves on November 29–30 and December 8–9, 1941. The Soviets returned in October 1944, and for the next four decades Riga was the Soviet Baltic Military District’s command ...
landlocked central European country that emerged fromWorld War Ias a republic. From 1938 to 1945 Austria was a part ofAdolf Hitler’s “Greater”Germany, and Vienna became “Greater” Vienna, reflecting theNazirevision of the city limits. In the decade followingWorld War II, Austria was occupied...
andIndianaexceeded that from the South, while an increasing number of immigrants fromGermanyarrived, settling mostly in urban centres. Subsequently, St. Louis andKansas Cityattracted sizablecommunitiesof Italians and Greeks as well as Poles and Jews. ByWorld War II(1939–45) more than 20 different...
The term Ashkenazi (plural Ashkenazim) originally referred to Jews from Germany, and Sephardi (plural Sephardim) originally referred to Jews from Spain and Portugal. But in Israel the terms are often used to designate Jews of northern European origin on the one hand and Jews of Middle Eastern ...