4.1.2Insects and plants A limitation to numerous studies considering the dependence of crops towards animalpollinationis their unique reference to the global synthesis byKlein et al. (2007), which might not always be adapted for local studies. Also, given prevailing instrumental approaches to ecosyst...
Sure, insects are pests, but we couldn't live without them. A major role of the insect is that of pollinator, meaning they transfer pollen from plant to plant (or sometimes within the same plant), which results in the development of a seed. Yep, insect pollinators, or insects that tran...
The main methods of pollination are the following: (1) by wind, (2) by animals, and (3) by water. Flowers of wind-pollinated plants have lightweight, smooth, and small pollen grains for easier transport. Plants depending on insects and animals for pollination use color, shape, scent, an...
These are very simple, open and generally regular flowers, white, greenish-yellow or yellow in colour and are chiefly visited by insects with a short proboscis, such as short-tongued wasps and flies, also beetles and more rarely bees. Examples are Umbelliferae as a family, saxifrages, holly...
(e.g., peas andtomatoes). In many other flowers, however, pollen from one or more flowers is transferred to the stigmas of other flowers. A number of specialized relationships have evolved between floral organization and animal pollinators such asinsects. (For a complete treatment of the ...
Chittka, L. The colour hexagon: a chromaticity diagram based on photoreceptor excitations as a generalized representation of colour opponency.J. Comp. Physiol. A170, 533–543 (1992). Google Scholar Peitsch, D.et al. The spectral input systems of hymenopteran insects and their receptor-based colo...
Cross-pollination may be brought about by a number of agents, chiefly insects and wind. Wind-pollinated flowers (see photograph) generally can be recognized by their lack of colour, odour, or nectar, while animal-pollinated flowers (see photograph) are conspicuous by virtue of their structure,...
Although insects can sense ambient humidity, it is unclear whether the range of floral humidity is sufficient to trigger robust responses by the hygrosensory neurons of pollinators. Simulating how moths probeDaturaflowers, the hygrosensing probe was dipped in and out of the corolla to generate the...
insects to walk on the surface of the inflorescence rather than fly in search of the next source of reward or (ii) the individual flowers that either were solitarily or placed in less compact inflorescences than in (i). Flower density was calculated as flower units per m2, by dividing the...
insects, a Type II functional response has been found in numerous taxa31,32,33and is a commonly assumed form used in many consumer–resource models28. Pollination of flowering plants by pollinators also incorporates a Type II functional response. This was first applied in Wright’s 1989 ...