The validated French adaptation [148] was utilized which consists of 20 items divided into four subscales that respectively measure Re-experiencing (5 items), Avoidance (2 items), Negative alterations in cognition and mood (7 items), and Hyper-arousal (6 items). The respondent rates each item...
but to some degree in the UK and Germany as well—is one in which police culture emphasizes violence not as a positive feature per se but as a necessary and useful tool for serving justice unrelated to judicial punishment, and that despite...