Linear mitochondrial plasmids possess one to six ORFs that can encode unknown proteins but often code for the DNA and RNA polymerases. Although the functions of most linear plasmids in plant mitochondria are un
Transmissible plasmids spread genes encoding antibiotic resistance and other traits to new bacterial species. Here we report that laboratory populations ofEscherichia coliwith a newly acquired IncQ plasmid often evolve ‘satellite plasmids’ with deletions of accessory genes and genes required for plasmid ...
Conjugative plasmids can mediate the spread and maintenance of diverse traits and functions in microbial communities. This role depends on the plasmid’s ability to persist in a population. However, for a community consisting of multiple populations tran
Both temperate phages and conjugative plasmids often encode mechanisms against competitor co-infection [75., 76., 77.]. This effectively reduces the pool of susceptible hosts for their competitors, and will favor increased vertical transmission [22]. Instead, if competitors can superinfect and displa...
Conjugative elements’ transport machinery comprises type IV secretion system (T4SS) proteins, an origin of transfer (oriT) and a relaxosome (a relaxase, often with auxiliary proteins)8. Whereas conjugative plasmids and integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) encode for the entire transport machinery...
Other targets of regulation by NsrR in Escherichia coli include the promoter regions of fliA, fliL, and mqsR, which encode proteins involved in bacterial motility and biofilm development58. However, the limitation of this finding is that we could not generate the key point mutation in nsrR ...
burgdorferi cp9s, some of the NBu-Borreliella cp9 plasmids encode a unique type PFam32 protein. The cp9s in different species are all of different organizational subtypes (Additional file 1: Figure S6), but all have substantial re- gions of homology (the functions of the encoded proteins are...
Unlike the spiroplasma plasmids for which no homology was detected in databases, all the phytoplasma plasmids encode a replication protein sharing similarities with the Rep proteins involved in rolling-circle replication (RCR) [17, 18]. For the genus Mycoplasma, which includes over 100 species, ...
8 and 9 may be used in constructs that encode non-globin proteins for the expression of said proteins in transgenic pig or other non-human erythrocytes. The recombinant nucleic acid constructs described above may be inserted into any suitable plasmid, bacteriophage, or viral vector for ...
It has also been taught that nucleic acid expression plasmids that encode recombinant proteins are viable solutions to the problems of frequent injections and high cost of traditional recombinant therapy. However, the nucleic acid expression plasmids also have some drawbacks when injected into a ...