The fossil plantElkinsia polymorpha, a “seed fern” from the Devonian period—about 400 million years ago—is considered the earliest seed plant known to date. Seed ferns (Figure 2) produced their seeds along their branches without specialized structures. What makes them the first true seed pl...
Many species found in this cluster are characterized by very small, dust-like seeds, whose dispersal is easily achieved through the wind movements, even without specialized structures; • cluster 4: 157 species (5.9%); prevailing families: Brassicaceae, Juncaceae, Plantaginaceae, Asteraceae, ...
The adaptive capacity of plants that grow in adverse environment with salt, drought, thermal and heavy metal stresses partially or completely comes from symbiotic microorganisms. By using the high-throughput amplicon sequencing, the bacterial community structures in soil with high calcium contents and ...
Upon contact, a plant-derived pre-penetration apparatus guides the fungus across and through the epidermis, with hyphae travelling both inter- and intra-cellularly to reach the inner-most cortical cells6,7. Hyphae then differentiate to form branched structures termed arbuscules within cortical cells...
It also agrees with recent structures of E. coli CI under different conditions, which show differences in the rotation of the PA but not in the angle between the arms37. Nonetheless, it remains to be examined whether the angle of V. radiata’s (as well as T. thermophila’s and C. ...
No BIC-like structures have been reported in other fungi or oomycetes. Therefore, it is still unclear how these apoplastic effectors enter host cells. Download: Download full-size image Figure 1. The Apoplast as a Site for the Interactions of Plants with Bacteria, Fungi, and Oomycetes. (A)...
thaipingensis appears not to be a specialized ant-plant since it does not provide specialized structures for housing ants, such as swollen twigs or hollow stems with prostomata. However, it produces extrafloral nectaries on young leaves which attract many ants exept Cladomyrma. Nevertheless, the...
Translation processes in plants are very similar to those in other eukaryotic organisms and can in general be explained with the scanning model. Particularly among plant viruses, unconventional mRNAs are frequent, which use modulated translation processe
Studies conducted in alpine habitats (e.g., Willson et al., 1990; Cavieres et al., 1999; Bu et al., 2008) generally agree that most alpine species do not have specialized morphological structures (e.g., wings, pappus, hooks) for either active (via animals) or passive (e.g., wind)...
(Supplementary Fig.1a). Our quantification showed that thegcr1single mutant had about 26% of NGT converted into DGT, whereas thegcr2single mutant had no significant phenotype. In contrast, thegcr1/2double mutant had a more dramatic phenotype with 96% of trichomes producing glandular structures ...