Hitherto under-rated, many plant species possess specialized structures, enabling them to fix a protective layer of sand grains on parts of their surface. An analysis of the distribution, ecology, and structural peculiarities of psammophorous plants in the Namib and Karoo is presented.It is ...
Seed ferns (Figure 2) produced their seeds along their branches without specialized structures. What makes them the first true seed plants is that they developed structures called cupules to enclose and protect the ovule—the female gametophyte and associated tissues—which develops into a seed upon...
Temperate forest plants favour heterogeneous semi-open woodlands associated with high herbivore densities, rather than uniform closed-canopy forests. Herbivore loss is therefore a probable driver of extinctions among plants specialized in temperate forests. ...
No BIC-like structures have been reported in other fungi or oomycetes. Therefore, it is still unclear how these apoplastic effectors enter host cells. Download: Download full-size image Figure 1. The Apoplast as a Site for the Interactions of Plants with Bacteria, Fungi, and Oomycetes. (A)...
It also agrees with recent structures of E. coli CI under different conditions, which show differences in the rotation of the PA but not in the angle between the arms37. Nonetheless, it remains to be examined whether the angle of V. radiata’s (as well as T. thermophila’s and C. ...
Studies conducted in alpine habitats (e.g., Willson et al., 1990; Cavieres et al., 1999; Bu et al., 2008) generally agree that most alpine species do not have specialized morphological structures (e.g., wings, pappus, hooks) for either active (via animals) or passive (e.g., wind)...
oryzae) are extremely effective plant pathogens as they can reproduce both sexually and asexually to produce specialized infectious structures known as appressoria that infect aerial tissues and hyphae that can infect root tissues. Magnaporthe fungi can also infect a number of other agriculturally ...
Classes of NPF transporters (NPF1–8) are indicated in colour in accordance with Léran et al.34 Sequences of characterized specialized metabolite transporters from Arabidopsis (At GTR1, At GTR2 and At FST1), Carica papaya (GTR1-l and GTR2-l) and Catharanthus roseus (Cat NPF2.9) were ad...
To determine whether the root architectural innovation may have facilitated the fast root gravitropism in seed plants during evolution, we analyzed the root structures of the representative plant species with a focus on localization of starch-containing amyloplasts (Fig. 2a), which act as the stato...
Translation processes in plants are very similar to those in other eukaryotic organisms and can in general be explained with the scanning model. Particularly among plant viruses, unconventional mRNAs are frequent, which use modulated translation processe