Previous isotope tracer studies (Supplementary Fig.1) have demonstrated that the Lycopodium alkaloid scaffolds originate from two units each of a lysine-derived heterocycle (1-piperideine,1) and a polyketide substrate derived from malonyl-CoA (3-oxoglutaric acid,2, or its thioester analogue)4. Th...
Types of alternative meats Alternative meats encompass four primary categories based on their origin: plant-based, microorganism-based, animal-based, and insect-based meat analogs, each with distinctive sources and production processes (Fig. 2). Fig. 2 : Meat alternatives: types and advancements in...
essential amino acids (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine) that cannot be produced by the body. Plant proteins do not contain all these amino acids. However, the vegetable proteins provide less saturated fat, and often vitamins, minerals,...
The production of PBMAs involves a sophisticated process of protein extraction from sources like soy, pea, and wheat, structured into meat-like textures using techniques such as extrusion, shear cells, spinning, and 3D printing (Fig.4a). Flavoring agents, fats, and additives are introduced to e...
[8]. Additionally, this type of production has a significantly high environmental footprint, exceeding plant-based protein production in terms of land use (around 74 times), freshwater consumption (eight times), and greenhouse gas emissions [8]. In contrast, the use of plants as sources of ...
Plant mitochondria are targets, sources and initiators of signalling cascades. • Regulators of mitochondrial (dys)function have been identified inArabidopsis. • Transcriptional and Post-transcriptional/translational regulation play a major role. ...
Toxic plants may be consumed as a consequence of accident, deliberate or accidental contamination, or in desperation as other food sources dwindle. Many episodes involve only one person, usually a child, but epidemic poisonings affecting thousands are also common. Analytical methods have led to the...
Some legumes and protein-rich products made from rapeseed are natural sources of tryptophan, provided the inherent antinutritive factors (e.g., protease inhibitors) are properly processed40. Various forms and sources of plant proteins have been studied as wheat alternatives that differ in protein ...
In sustainable agriculture, introducing new crops, such as formerly marginal or ‘orphan’ species that are well-adapted to marginal lands and serve as sources of nutrition can complement strategies to improve current crops. All of today’s key crops are descended from wild ancestors and have unde...
There are hundreds of plant lectins that have been identified and experimental strategies to identify plant lectins, their respective genes, and their sugar binding affinities are widely known by those skilled in the art. The diversity of plant sources for lectins and their sugar binding affinities ...