The existence of a radial thermal gradient within a protoplanetary disk naturally creates a sequence of ice lines for various volatile materials such that the composition of both the solid and gas components of the protoplanetary disk are a function of radius (e.g., Öberg et al.2011; Henning...
of double-beam spectrometers using chopped IR radiation soon after World War II provided significant progress in both comfort and speed. Detection of the signal with and without measuring light in a quick sequence circumvented the problem caused by thermal drift associated with the older, DC-...
The XUV radiation from flares is particularly relevant for planetary habitability. M-dwarf stars have an extended pre-main sequence (PMS) phase [281,282]—the period of time prior to settling onto the Main Sequence to begin hydrogen fusion in their cores. This could present significant challenges...
The column densities of water vapour suggest in-situ formation via a reaction sequence involving O, H2 and/or OH, and survival through water self-shielding5. This is also supported by the presence of CO2 emission, another molecule sensitive to ultraviolet photodissociation. Dust shielding, and ...
WASP-39b is a highly inflated exoplanet of roughly Saturn mass, orbiting its G7 main-sequence star with a 4.05-day period10. We selected WASP-39b for its inactive host star and prominent spectroscopic features, which trace the atmospheric composition of the planet. We confirmed the star’s ...
Ramirez RM, Kaltenegger L (2014) The habitable zones of pre-main-sequence stars. Astrophys J Lett 797:L25 ArticleADSMATHGoogle Scholar Ramsay G, Doyle JG (2015) The view from K2: questioning the traditional view of flaring on early dM stars. Mon Not R Astron Soc 449:3015–3020 ...
In this physical scenario, the evolving process of El Nino-La Nina-switching cycle is naturally corresponds to the evolving process of sunspot cycle, with only approximately 1 year difference in time sequence, either ahead or behind with each other. The detailed explanations are presented as ...
forms after the process of DNA-repairing, in this scenario, the process of DNA repairing itself would create a favorable condition for pyrimidine dimers to form preferentially at the sites of two same types of base pairs such as a T-A, T-A sequence that is originally a T-A, C-G ...
AO-heritage high efficiency observing to confirm and characterize thousands of planet candidates produced by major new transit surveys like TESS, and is the first AO system to be capable of building a comprehensive several-thousand-target multiplicity survey at sub-AU scales across the main sequence...
(HRCCS). Here, the removal of starlight and telluric features is achieved by HRCCS, which correlates the observed sequence of spectra with theoretical templates of exoplanet atmospheres. This takes advantage of different Doppler shifts of the different spectral components. HRCCS helps to ...