The detection of the first planet orbiting a main sequence star, 51 Pegasi, was reported in 1995 [387], and planetary discoveries have steadily piled up. Exoplanets have now been discovered by radial velocity methods, transits of their host stars, microlensing, and by direct imaging. The ...
of double-beam spectrometers using chopped IR radiation soon after World War II provided significant progress in both comfort and speed. Detection of the signal with and without measuring light in a quick sequence circumvented the problem caused by thermal drift associated with the older, DC-...
The existence of a radial thermal gradient within a protoplanetary disk naturally creates a sequence of ice lines for various volatile materials such that the composition of both the solid and gas components of the protoplanetary disk are a function of radius (e.g., Öberg et al.2011; Henning...
In about five billion years, our Sun will exit its main sequence phase and transition to its red giant phase. At this point, the Sun will expand and consume the planets of the inner Solar System, including Mercury and Venus. What will become of Earth when this happens has ...
In this physical scenario, the evolving process of El Nino-La Nina-switching cycle is naturally corresponds to the evolving process of sunspot cycle, with only approximately 1 year difference in time sequence, either ahead or behind with each other. The detailed explanations are presented as ...
In this case, however, the long orbital period (compared with other white dwarfs with close brown dwarf or stellar companions) and low mass of the planet candidate make common-envelope evolution less likely. Instead, our findings for the WD 1856+534 system indicate that giant planets can be ...
The column densities of water vapour suggest in-situ formation via a reaction sequence involving O, H2 and/or OH, and survival through water self-shielding5. This is also supported by the presence of CO2 emission, another molecule sensitive to ultraviolet photodissociation. Dust shielding, and ...
Gershberg RE (2005) Solar-type activity in main-sequence stars. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg MATHGoogle Scholar Gillon M, Triaud AHMJ, Demory B-O, Jehin E, Agol E, Deck KM, Lederer SM, de Wit J, Burdanov A, Ingalls JG, Bolmont E, Leconte J, Raymond SN, Selsis F, Turbet M, ...
forms after the process of DNA-repairing, in this scenario, the process of DNA repairing itself would create a favorable condition for pyrimidine dimers to form preferentially at the sites of two same types of base pairs such as a T-A, T-A sequence that is originally a T-A, C-G ...
The XUV radiation from flares is particularly relevant for planetary habitability. M-dwarf stars have an extended pre-main sequence (PMS) phase [281,282]—the period of time prior to settling onto the Main Sequence to begin hydrogen fusion in their cores. This could present significant challenges...