Other common substances that cause dependence are nicotine and pain relievers, particularly narcotics. Stopping suddenly will likely cause symptoms, and they can be serious. So unless it is urgent, gradually cutting down on the amount and how often you use it should make it easier. If you were...
Nicotine in tobacco is often associated with dependence, which is recognized as a public health menace and the single most significant factor for premature death. Hence, assessment of nicotine dependence among tobacco users is essential to implement tobacco control measures effectively. To estimate the...
With a total of 16,592 observations, four studies utilised data from the Nicotine Dependence in Teens (NDIT) study [37,38,39,40], and two studies employed data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) study [36, 41]; both North American cohorts. Ages ranged ...
Nicotine is the main psychoactive component of tobacco playing a major role in the development of dependence. Following cessation of chronic nicotine use, a withdrawal syndrome occurs including a cluster of symptoms such as irritability, tremors, bradycardia, and elevated anxiety. The withdrawal of ...
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Hence, a substantial portion of photon interactions with the glasses occurs within the low-energy region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Beyond 0.2 MeV, where Compton scattering predominates and its cross-section is linearly dependent on the atomic number, the LAC values remain relatively small ...
The intensity is progressively lost when a sound wave passes through the body or is deviated from its initial direction, a phenomenon referred to as attenuation. In homogeneous tissue, the attenuation occurs as a result of absorption, in which case the sound energy is transformed into heat and ...
Adolescence is a critical developmental period that shapes health outcomes well into adulthood (Sawyer et al.,2012). The peak age of onset for mental disorders occurs in adolescence (at age 14.5), and ~ 50% of all mental disorders emerge before the age of 15 (75% by the age of...
Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence GCP: Good clinical practice GHQ-28: General Health Questionnaire I: Intervention IDS-C30: Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology IFIS: International Fitness Scale IMBI: Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics ...
This study was aimed to evaluate the involvement of CB2 cannabinoid receptors (CB2r) in the rewarding, reinforcing and motivational effects of nicotine. Conditioned place preference (CPP) and intravenous self-administration experiments were carried out i