MD) independently appraised all eligible studies using Covidence software. Criteria for what constituted each answer option for each of the 10 CASP items were developed and agreed by MD and
the Minkowski dilation method used by Tannier can identify the urban boundary at different scales without a predefined threshold. Fractal geometry and its related concepts are an effective means to describe urban scale and form [24] and can provide powerful tools for studying the spatial organization...