For instance, if the relationships within a clade are well-known and its sister-taxon is also well-known, we adopted a minimum-crown-clade or minimum-clade definition because this explicitly defines the origin of the clade as that of a known clade. On the other hand, if the relationships ...
If a name "X" that is based etymologically on an apomorphy is applied to the crown, the name "Apo" is applied to the clade for which this trait is synapomorphic (e.g., Apo㏒permatophyta for the clade originating from the first plant with seeds). Crown clade names can be defined...
There is no one operation for determining character states in this system鈥攊t can be anything that leads to the testable hypothesis of synapomorphy, as an historical identity relation. Character compatibility and conjunction, but not similarity, provide a priori tests in phylogenetic character ...
46) refutes the absence of cauline hydrothecae as synapomorphy for Plumulariidae, Kirchenpaueriidae and Aglaopheniidae45,110. Kirchenpaueriidae is characterized by the absence of paired lateral nematothecae and the presence of one to two mesial nematophores, naked or with reduced nemato...
Additionally, the presence of a modified uroneural or pleurostyle was listed as a poten- tial synapomorphy because a pleurostyle is found in all extant otomorphs, but is absent in some of the primitive fossils of Clupei and Denticipitidae. Further research [48] re-interpreted the early ...
Cladistics: Phylogenetic Systematics Strict consensus , fig.2, Illustrations are by C. Buell and L. Betti-Nash.Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Generic license, viawikipedia
The following is presented merely to test the dolphin hypothesis as stated (see Introduction, Methods, and [see Additional file1] for problems with this coarse approach). Under the definition of 'whistle' we use here, the optimization of whistles on the phylogeny is ambiguous (Fig.1b). Howev...
Arratia [15], however, subsequently presented an apomorphy-based definition of Teleostei, which has been adopted by many authors (e.g. [46–48]). Teleostei sensu Arratia (Fig. 1b) is more restricted than the definition proposed by De Pinna [33] because “including all taxa down to ...
(character 305), is an unreversed and uncontradicted synapomorphy of the Characidae. A more restricted concept of the Characidae is that proposed by Malabarba and Weitzman [19] according to whom this family is composed only by characiform species lacking the supraorbital bone (Figure2). This ...
ruled out for taxa that have not been observed using µCT scans, such as Dorsetochelys typocardium (Anquetin & André, 2020) and Glyptops ornatus (Gaffney, 1979a), the limited data available to date suggest that the loss of a pal- atine artery may be a synapomorphy of Paracrypto...