The discovery of the characteristics and properties of light was not straightforward. It took a long time, a lot of mistakes, hesitations, and reversals of ideas, before finally reaching a satisfactory concept of light. Many assumptions were made, based either on philosophical approaches or, more...
A Quantum of Light Shed on a Classical Problem The quantum concept of the light photon, elaborated with possibly non-zero rest mass, is used to re-examine the classical problem of retarded electromagnetic potentials. A conflict with the classical Lienard-Wiechert formulation is displ... CK Whitne...
Scintillation crystals [such as NaI(T1) and CsI(T1)] produce flashes of light as they absorb X-ray photons. The light is then converted to electrical signals by subsequent electronics. The following two types of scintillation detector systems are commonly used in X-ray CT: Scintillation Crystal...
Usually the inelastically scattered Raman light is spectrally dispersed by a spectrometer. Here, we present an alternative method, using an optical fiber as dispersive element. As the group velocity within the fiber is wavelength-dependent, different Raman bands arrive at different times at the ...
“target” qubits. The versatility of this strategy is brought to light by realizing a multiplicity of quantum gates: two-qubit CNOT and\(\sqrt {{\rm{CNOT}}} \)gates, and three-qubit gates with separable or entangling controlled transformations on the target qubits. Only the phase imparted...
Known as the “philosopher of the Arabs,” al-Kindī extended the concept of rectilinearly propagating light rays and discussed the mechanism of vision. By 1000, the Pythagorean model of light had been abandoned, and a ray model, containing the basic conceptual elements of what is now known ...
internal degrees of freedoms of photons involved, neither those created by the source (as we use single-mode fibers) nor those generated through the concept of entanglement by path identity (as we do not shift modes between pair creations, which is the key idea of entanglement by path ...
In this paper, we show how a single-photon Mach–Zehnder interferometer (SMZI), that uses the concept of the single-photon Faraday effect to manipulate the polarization of a single photon, can be operated both as a switch to control the flow of quantum information inside the quantum network...
The fundamental concept of light–matter interaction is routinely realized by coupling the quantized electric field in a cavity to the dipole moment of a real or an artificial atom. A recent proposal, motivated by the prospect of overcoming the decohering effects of distant charge fluctuations, sug...
Basic concept The MoNaLISA imaging is performed with the progression of three light illuminations for ON-switching, OFF-switching, and read-out of the rsFPs (see Fig. 1a, b). Each illumination step is modulated in space. Both ON-switching and read-out are composed of N individual foci21,...