film X-ray diffraction patterns. C.H. and D.Y. performed the GIWAXS experiments and obtained the SEM images. S.T. and B.C. analysed the data. The KPFM measurements were performed by T.C., and T.F. analysed the data. H.C. and W.Z. carried out the SCLC measurements and S.T....
conceived the project idea, wrote the initial manuscript, and fabricated and characterized the perovskite solar cells. T.Y., N.W., and K.Z. helped with solar cell certification. H.X. and C.X. measured and analyzed the cross-sectional KPFM samples. F.H.I. and H.F. assisted in ...
but here they intentionally aligned it just off the end of the cantilever near the tip. This provided a convenient means to apply local, intense illumination to the material and then characterize the resulting sample damage using tapping mode topography and Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM). Th...
Characterizations from field〆mission scanning electron microscopy (FE㏒EM), atomic force microscope (AFM), Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), and time﹐f‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF㏒IMS) show that the ion distribution in PVSK film made by the one﹕tep method is less ...
To study the effect of Ga doping on the electric properties of TiO2 ETLs at nanoscale level, the local electric properties such as photo-current and contact potential difference (CPD) were characterized by conductive force microscopy (CFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), respectively. ...
We utilized KPFM to evaluate the thermal stability of molecular contacts on ITO surfaces. Surfaces modified with SAMs and SABs exhibited comparable CPDs, averaging 375 mV for both samples (Fig.2a,b). We ascribed this to the minor impact of the TPA layer on work-function changes, possibly ...
To reveal the contribution of the reconstructed interfacial dipole, Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) was adopted to probe the vibration of the surface potential of the buried perovskite film with and without 2DPAA treatment, namely, the control and 2DPAA samples, respectively (Fig. 1e, f an...
Recently, other mapping techniques have been applied to PSCs: synchrotron nanoprobe X-ray fluorescence (XRF);27 Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM);28 and electron-beam-induced current (EBIC).29,30 Each method supplies further compositional, potential, and charge transfer and recombination ...
(a, d) AFM and (b, e) KPFM images and (c, f) UPS spectra of SnO2 films with and without TiOxCl4-2x; the insets in Fig. 2(c and f) show the corresponding cut-off binding energy and Fermi edge, respectively. On the basis of the above-mentioned discussion, hole-free, all-inorg...
e, Distributions of WF of both samples from KPFM measurement. After the perovskite film deposition and subsequent removal of the HBzA ligands, the WF of ITO/2PACz+HBzA is shifted back to the WF of pristine ITO/2PACz (~5.40 eV), confirming our hypothesis. Extended Data Fig. 3 Statistics...