(black) on the two gonadotropic cell types of the pituitary, which produce either LH or FSH. Both hormones reach the testis (2) via the blood stream and stimulate sex-steroid production by the interstitial Leydig cells by interacting with the LH receptor (green) or the FSH receptor (pink)...
11.4 The function of peptide hormones Increasing number of peptide hormones have been identified and their downstream signaling pathways have been studied. In plants, peptide hormones usually diffuse and function within a distance of several cell layers, to interact with corresponding receptors and activa...
Instruments with upper mass limits of 100 000È200 000 make it possible to monitor most neuropeptides, hormones, antibodies and various other signal and e†ector molecules. The combined efficiency of the ion source, performance of the mass analyzer and response of the detection system on ...
These toxins generally resemble vertebrate hormones or neuropeptides and undergo posttranslational modifications that increase their lifespan in a predator’s bloodstream or enhance their affinity to a target receptor8,9,10. Upon receptor binding, these toxins essentially simulate an overdose of a ...
For shade-intolerant species, shade light indicates the close proximity of neighboring plants and triggers the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS), which causes exaggerated growth and reduced crop yield. Here, we report that non-secreted ROT FOUR LIKE (RTFL)/
As a matter of fact, characteristic peptide and protein molecules are common in natural biological systems, with hormones and neurotransmitters actively contributing to the body's immune response, ion channels as ligands and receptors and thereby, they are the regulators for most of the biological ...
Since the early discovery of therapeutic peptides, they have shown great potential in various fields, such as hormones, growth factors, neurotransmitters, ion channel ligands, and anti-infective agents. These peptides bind to receptors on the surface of cells, triggering specific and highly effective...
The first calmodulin-binding peptides were discovered through screening of peptide hormones for calmodulin-binding activity. Calmodulin also contains a hydrophobic patch that becomes more exposed upon calcium binding. Recent evidence has given credence to the premise that amphiphilic α helical peptides ...
Somatostatin is expressed throughout the body and inhibits the release of numerous secondary hormones. This hormone is an important regulator of the endocrine system through its interactions with pituitary growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and most hormones of the gastrointestinal tract. ...
Evolution and classification of cystine knot-containing hormones and related extracellular signaling molecules. Molecular endocrinology15.5 (2001): 681-694. Vives, et al. A Truncated HIV-1 Tat Protein Basic Domain Rapidly Translocates Through the Plasma Membrane and Accumulates in the Cell Nucleus. J...