The calculation procedure starts with the Boltzmann equation, and solutions are obtained by iteration or by the Monte Carlo method. Littlejohn et al. (1982) have developed this latter method in the GaInAsP system. Figure 15 shows a summary of their results, comparing the velocity–field curves ...
7.6 Calculation of significant responses In certain engineering applications it is convenient to consider the mean of the highest 1/nth of the total number of maxima. If N peak-to-peak height measurements are made, then this quantity, H1/n, is the average of the N/n highest measurements. ...
The study evaluates and compares the accuracy of nine peak flow meters (“PFMs”) and spirometers that are currently available in Europe and have Conformité Européene (“CE”) marking. The CE marking is a manufacturer’s declaration that their product complies with European health regulations an...
One calculation by climate scientists, in an attempt to quantify the impact of this loss of albedo, have stated that the warming impact will be equivalent to all the fossil fuels burned since the early 1990’s. A second factor concerns the latent heat of ice. A great deal of heat is nee...
We have evaluated a large number of biological samples for optimizing a proper method of signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio) calculation and some useful filters for reducing false positive rate as follows. S/N ratio: Pbaseline=In+12,ifnisodd.12In2+In2+1,ifniseven. (1) Pnoise=I1-P...
Methods Participants An a-priori sample size calculation (G*Power v 3.1.9.2), based on data from our previous study that detected an wesqxiupthalor2readttio(mηry2eps)peooxfi-n0bt.as4s6(ebdwaidsteihflfi8en0ree%nvcspe.ofiwonlelQrowȧpet-aαku1 p=1,) 0ea.s0nt5idmfo2art...
An SVM binary classifier (e1071 R package) is trained using a radial kernel, scaling (to zero mean and unit variance), 10-fold cross validation, and probability calculation. The probability is calculated by fitting a logistic distribution using maximum likelihood to the decision values of all bi...
If the period of calculation for CVQ p is relatively short, 'anomalous' events appear more frequently. Sequential studies of modern rivers indicate that such anomalous events have a high probability of being preserved in the alluvial record of the river, and suggest that, over the timefra...
Traditionally, direct beam solar radiation calculation is straight forward from beam solar radiation on a horizontal plane, incidence (θ) and solar zenith (θz) angles [76] (Eq. (31)). (31)Gbt=Gbhcosθcosθz Ground reflectance solar radiation is usually estimated by Eq. (32) [76]: (...
Calculation of power in the general linear model scenario is slightly more complicated as it requires distribution assumptions and approximations. To do so define Cohen's f2 to bef2:=R21−R2=mN−pF=(Cβˆ)T(C(1N−pXTX)−1CT)−1(Cβˆ)σˆ2.where R2 is the partial coeffic...