We study a technological solution to the non-payment problem among low-income households: pre-paid electricity meters. Pre-paid meters constitute a large share of residential electricity connections in South Africa and are undergoing a rapid expansion in the developing world. We use detailed customer...
2015. "Pay as You Go: Prepaid Metering and Elec- tricity Expenditures in South Africa." The American Economic Review: Papers and Pro- ceedings, 105(5): 237-241.Jack, B. Kelsey and Grant Smith (2015). "Pay as You Go: Prepaid Metering and Electricity Expenditures in South Africa". In...
We define and focus on an indicator of energy bill payment methods (PPM), set equal to 1 if the individual pays for their gas and electricity using a PPM, and 0 otherwise. PPM customers pay for energy on a ‘pay-as-you-go’ basis by adding credit to a smartcard, key or token that...
Any pay as you go credit on your card will not expire(过期), so you can keep it for your next visit or lend it to a friend.FaresTravelling by Tube from Central London (Zone 1) to Heathrow (Zone 6)Adult Oyster single fare￡4.20 Monday to Friday 06:30 – 09:30 and 16:00- 19:...
This 'pay-as-you-go' energy is used with a smart card, token or key that can be topped up at a shop or via a smartphone app. How do prepayment meters work? With a prepayment meter, you have to pay for your gas and electricity upfront. Prepayment meters use pay-as-you-go energy...
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“For comparison, a sample of households in Eldoret, a peri-urban community in western Kenya, without access to PAYG meters during lockdown – and who instead had to rely on single, bulk purchases of LPG – reduced their average use of gas by 75 percent,” the report notes. ...
Pay-as-you-go smart meter technology has already been used to provide resource-poor households in SSA with affordable access to technologies for electricity and water/sanitation [29], [30]. From a social perspective, similarities of PAYG with the concept of paying for an energy service may ...
In comparison, Welsh and Scottish towns and cities tend to have lower gender pay gaps for full-time workers, with the widest in Edinburgh (9.9%), Glasgow (6.3%), Aberdeen (5.3%), Dundee (4.6%), Bridgend (2.8%), Caerphilly (1.9%), and Cardiff (1.1%). (Comparable data for Northern ...
Costco implements a paid-to-enter membership system, and as of May 2023, there are more than 100 million members worldwide, and the goods in this supermarket are only available to members. In 2019, Costco opened its first superm...