Political patronage is defined as political actors appointing individuals at their discretion to key positions in the public sector. The book examines this practice in the bureaucracies of 11 Asian countries through the use of a typological framework of patronage types. The framework is based on two...
aboth of them had to work to help their mother 他们两个必须运作帮助他们的母亲[translate] a龙卷风是一种非常强烈的风暴,风力巨大,破坏力极强,危害十分严重 The tornado is one kind of extremely intense storm, the wind power is huge, destructive power greatly strengthened, the harm is extremely seri...
When the candidate of a political party wins an election, the newly elected official has the right to appoint a certain numbers of persons to jobs in the government. This is the essence of the patronage system, also known as the spoils system ("To the victor go the spoils"): appointing ...
Political patronage is a political system used to secure swift approval and administration of a party's or candidate's initiatives. It is the practice of giving individuals or groups political offices, money, material goods, and power in return for political support during an election. For example...
Patronage, as understood in this chapter, is the use of public resources in a particularistic manner for political goals. While it is easy to give a general definition of patronage, it is much harder to identify it in practice. After all, technically, patronage is either an appointment (for...
In the history of art, art...- Look up patronage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual...- In politics and government, a spoils system (also known as a patronage system) is a practice in...
Research done in the context of larger cities might be helpful for smaller cities, but it cannot be assumed to be directly transferable. This is because large and small cities differ from each other in relevant ways, such as urban structure, density, accessibility by car and in the ...
Our analysis reveals that under the AKP rule, pious Sunnis (who constitute a large part of the society) significantly increased their presence in public sector employment (notably among women) and in high-status private jobs (notably among men). Furthermore, the subset of highly religious Sunn...
The word 'patronage' is derived from the Latin word for father. It describes a trend that emerged in Renaissance Italy, whereby rich merchant families became the 'patrons' (or sponsors) of people who displayed talent or potential in esteemed fields, such as art, science, literature and philoso...
Today, our research is the basis of non-ethical behavior of local govern- ments. This is one of unethical behavior "patronage" the so-called practice. Objective determination of the performance of institutions, resources efficiently and effectively considers the identification and analysis of ...