What causes governments to forsake patronage in favour of civil service reform? This article reviews scholarly explanations. It finds that studies usefully identify diverse socioeconomic and political-institutional factors which can affect reform incentives. The causal effects of these factors – their ...
The German city of Freiburg has experienced an enormous and unprecedented rise in the demand for local public transport since the early 1980s. This study investigates the causes of this dramatic increase in the popularity of both tram and bus use. Although traffic restraint measures and improvements...
Social assistance is one of the most effective tools for poverty alleviation. However, it can also serve as a means of managing and silencing the poor in regard to the difficulties imposed by the system in which they live. Recognizing the voting potential of the poor in Turkey, political part...
For modelling pSQ as a bifactor, the measurement model was created such that the dimensions of pSQ were arranged orthogonally, along with an additional “general” factor which “causes” each item, in addition to the dimensions.42 For all CFA and SEM, Model parameters were estimated using ...
On Thursday morning, just moments after that announcement was made, the duchess was already out and on the job. The Duchess of Sussex will become Patron of four organisations that reflect the causes and issues with which she has long been associated including the arts, access to education, sup...
Significantly, the findings also indicate that asymmetric effects of trust operate at the stage of initial-trust 鈥 negative initial-image perception causes greater mistrust than positive initial-image causes trust.doi:10.1111/j.1365-3024.1982.tb00447.xKaul Subhashini...
It’s how we make a living.’ According to the miner the absence of controls and adherence to regulations is some mining operations had to do with a culture of corruption that causes mining officials to “turn the other way” as far as ensuring that the regulations are adhered to. ‘It...
One point scholars do agree on is that the effects of farmland investments are unevenly distributed at the local level and tend to reinforce existing dynamics ofsocial differentiation. The poorest often find themselves excluded, whereas local elites enjoy the lion’s share of benefits (Abate, 2020...