What causes governments to forsake patronage in favour of civil service reform? This article reviews scholarly explanations. It finds that studies usefully identify diverse socioeconomic and political-institutional factors which can affect reform incentives. The causal effects of these factors – their ...
aTemperature gradients as well as gradients in the concentration of surfactants across droplets give rise to gradients in interfacial energies, mainly at the liquid–vapour interface, and thus produce forces that can propel droplets making use of the thermocapillary and Marangoni effects. 温度差并且梯度...
Patron–client networks are widely found in governments of transitional societies and are often seen as an impediment to effective governance. This article advances an alternative view that emphasizes their enabling effects. I argue that patron–client relations can be used to improve government performa...
Social assistance is one of the most effective tools for poverty alleviation. However, it can also serve as a means of managing and silencing the poor in regard to the difficulties imposed by the system in which they live. Recognizing the voting potential of the poor in Turkey, political part...
Significantly, the findings also indicate that asymmetric effects of trust operate at the stage of initial-trust 鈥 negative initial-image perception causes greater mistrust than positive initial-image causes trust.doi:10.1111/j.1365-3024.1982.tb00447.xKaul Subhashini...