Fasting hypoglycemia: Dietary therapy (frequent meals/snacks preferred, especially at night, with complex carbohydrates); IV glucose infusion; IV octreotide Reactive hypoglycemia: Dietary therapy (restriction of refined carbohydrates, avoidance of simple sugars, increased meal frequency, increased protein and...
using neurotransmitters like γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or glycine. Among these, GABAergic interneurons have a profound impact on neuronal activity within the cortex. In healthy individuals, a minor stimulus to the motor cortex typically triggers...
The inspiratory to expiratory, or "I:E," ratio is also reduced, meaning the expiratory phase is prolonged during airways obstruction. Usually, when listening to a patient's chest, the clinician instructs the patient to breathe deeply, which results in an I:E ratio of 1:1. If airways ...
However, they perform their function to solubilize hydrophobic compounds such as vitamins in the intestine. Interestingly, approximately 95% of the BA undergo enterohepatic circulation (Hofmann 1984; Keitel et al. 2019a; Ridlon et al. 2006) meaning they are transported back to the liver and re-...
Glutamine is a conditionally essential amino acid, meaning that although the body normally makes sufficient amounts, at times of stress the body’s need for glutamine increases, and in such instances, it also relies on dietary glutamine to meet this demand. The U.S. Food and Drug Administratio...
The physiological and pathological role of these reactive species in cellular activities will be discussed below. 4. Autophagy Autophagy (meaning self-eating) is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that involves an intracellular degradation system in which cytoplasmic components, such as organelles...
Withdrawal syndrome, also known as discontinuation syndrome, occurs in individuals who have developed physiological dependence on a substance and who discontinue or reduce their use of it. Withdrawal syndrome can occur with a wide range of substances, including ethanol and many illicit drugs and ...
While the sensitivity of physical examination in detecting mild-to-moderate COPD is relatively poor, the physical signs are quite specific and sensitive for severe disease. Findings in severe disease include the following: Tachypnea and respiratory distress with simple activities Use of accessory respir...
In the target tissues, androgens enter the cell cytoplasm by simple diffusion across the cell membrane. Once inside the cell, the androgens bind and activate the androgen receptors. The androgen-receptor complex attaches to a specific DNA site and stimulates the production of messenger RNA, which,...
A) Causation: The victim was exposed to actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual violence in one of four ways: Directly experiencing the traumatic event(s) Witnessing, in person, the event(s) as it occurred to others Learning that the traumatic event(s) occurred to a close ...