Opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback. In addition, cane wounds caused by the thorns on crossing canes allow fungal pathogens to enter the cane, which can open the plant up to cane disease. Rita Perwich, San Diego ...
Examples of macroscopic pathogens include certain pathogenicfungi, such asmushroomsand mold, and some parasitic worms, such astapewormsandroundworms(infect thegastrointestinal tract). These macroscopic pathogens can cause a range of illnesses in humans and animals, including skin infections, food poisoning...
In the mid of 1960s, coronaviruses were found to infect humans and livestock, including birds and mammals (Al Naggar et al.2020). A novel coronavirus, a severe acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been developed in recent times and has sparked a pandemic in several...
I find that there are several examples of G×G in humans (involving, e.g., ABO, HBB, FUT2, SLC11A1, and HLA genes) that fit assumptions of either gene-for-gene or matching allele models. This means that there is potential for coevolution to drive polymorphism also in humans (and ...
Of particular note in modern times is HIV, which is known to have infected several million humans globally, along with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and the Influenza virus. Today, while many medical advances have been made to safeguard against infection by pathogens, through the use ...
Pathogens such as a bacterium, fungi, protozoa, worms, viruses, and even infectious proteins called prions that cause disease in humans are referred to as human pathogens. Humans host a nutrient-rich, warm, and moist environment, which constantly renews itself and maintains a uniform temperature,...
Here, we focus on examples of human viruses that use ER membranes for translation, replication, and/or budding of viral particles, often resulting in the alteration of cellular membrane transport and therefore host immunity. Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a ...
The term parasite, on the other hand, comes from the greek: “para” and “sitos” and is related to an organism that lives on or in another organism. There are numerous examples of parasites that can cause serious diseases and they can be subdivided into three main classes: protozoa, ...
Previous studies have reported that gene expression shows pathogen-specific and cell type-specific characteristics in humans and pigs, such as T cells, B cells, and monocytes (mono), in response to viral or bacterial stimulation of PBMCs [25]. To identify specific genes expressed in different ...
in Australia [3]. Other more dramatic examples are those of bat viruses transmitted to human populations. These include Nipah and Hendra viruses as well as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that have caused human mortalities [4,5]. The term pathogen spillover in ...