Technologies of particular transport modes mainly relate to the mechanical characteristics of their vehicles and ways such as: support, guidance, propulsion, and control (Vuchic, 2007). 2.3.3.1 Support Support is the vertical contact between a vehicle and its riding surface. At the road transport...
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NGO Transport & Environment reported in 1998 that OEMs applied so-called ‘cycle-beating’ techniques by engaging the vehicle's AECDs only when the NEDC cycle was performed [76]. This case echoed a U.S. emission scandal in the heavy-duty vehicle (HDV) fleet of that same year. The U....