PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To largely increase a secondary particle quantity emitted from a sample surface, by irradiating the sample surface with a particle group composed of two or more atoms.HIRATA KOICHI平田 浩一KOBAYASHI YOSHINORI小林 慶規
Until the 20th century, scientists thought that atoms were the smallest units of matter. This view started to change following some experiments in the late 1800s involving electrical discharges. By the early 1900s it was clear that these discharges were composed of a new kind of particle, one...
What particle has exactly one quantum unit of charge? What would be the charge on five alpha particles? (An alpha particle is helium nucleus) An alpha particle is composed of two protons and two neutrons, equivalent to the nucleus of a helium atom. However, the alpha particle has no electr...
The authors report that the majority of fly ash particles is composed of quartz and mullite [420]. This data should be extended to higher temperatures, where the ash softens, and impact behavior changes. There is currently no theory incorporating all energies involved during impact and rebound, ...
While the charged pions have a unique composition, the neutral pion is composed of both uu― and dd― pairs in equal amounts. Nowadays, all the pions can be copiously produced in high-energy collisions at accelerators by strong interaction processes such asp...
Separations of particles are also important in both industry and research. Particle separations are performed for one of two purposes: (1) to remove particles from gases or liquids, or (2) to separate particles of different sizes or properties. The first reason underlies many important applications...
The importance of understanding the mechanics of collisions is obvious to anyone who has ever driven an automobile. In modern physics, however, collisions are important for a different reason. The current understanding of the subatomic particles of which atoms are composed is derived entirely from st...
PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a particle group for a display device wherein contrast of satisfactory density and density uniformity is obtained, change of image density is small even if repetitive rewriting is performed for a long term and image display of stable density contrast is possible....
In the van Arkel-Katelaar diagram (also referred to as van Arkel-Katelaar triangle), for species composed of just two elements, X and Y, the difference between their orbital energies is plotted against the average of these energies, with the baseline indicating the average valence orbital ...
The typical double-cermet layer film structure from surface to substrate consists of an AR layer that enhances solar absorption, an absorbing layer composed of two homogenous cermet layers, a low-metal-volume fraction cermet layer on a high-metal-volume fraction cermet layer, and a metallic IR ...