Due to the generated thermal gradient, this type of columns experienced thermal bowing, bending first towards the exposed side and then to the opposite side of the fire. When the column's web is parallel to the wall's surface, a less pronounced thermal gradient is developed, and the column...
Durability of concrete masonry wall in marine environment is a big issue that related to the deterioration of the structure exposed to seawater. Therefore, proper retrofitting should be done effectively to gain high durability of the str... RMIR Susilorini,WS Stefanus,Rianto,... - 《Internationa...