While further evidence is needed to demonstrate the relationship between glia, nitric oxide, and serotonergic dysfunction, the present research constitutes a first empirical step in the exploration of the role of neuroimmune processes in parasitic manipulation of gammarid behavior....
While, increasing NFM was associated with greater dustbathing during the first part of the current study, the lack of consistency in this relationship following mite reinfestation of flocks 3&4 indicates that mite impacts on dustbathing behaviour needs further examination. Pecking was a stable ...
and they are also pathogens of insects. The mutualistic relationship between nematodes and bacteria is not obligate, as nematodes are viable in the absence of their mutualistic bacteria[7,8]. Nematode infection follows a specific series of events until the parasites establish themselves in the insect...
The evidence that parasitic animals exhibit elevated mitogenomic evolutionary rates is inconsistent and limited to Arthropoda. Similarly, the evidence that mitogenomic evolution is faster in species with low locomotory capacity is limited to a handful of animal lineages. We hypothesised that these two var...
Curiously, these examples have in common that they are not based on a hypersensitive reaction due to cell death of the infected cell, like most of the major genes used in breeding, but rather on prehaustorial mechanisms, making cell penetration difficult. It is therefore highly recommended to...
oryzae leads to the stimulation of genes encoding the synthesis of sugar transporter proteins, and hence to an increase in the flow of nutrients to the infected areas (Cao et al., 2016). The relationship between the production of cytokinins by the fungus F. pseudograminearum and nitrogen ...
The close relationship with companion animals such as dogs and cats can also result in sharing parasite species with man. Changing man's behaviour through education, to encourage the proper cooking of food, which may have cultural and social significance, will remain as challenging as controlling ...
a total of 20 different genera (stem from different families (n = 12) of orders (n = 4) from the subclass digenea, the class trematode) appeared to be responsible for various trematode infections. The relationship between family and genus is indicated with the slash symbol (/)...
Parasitic nematodes (roundworms) and platyhelminths (flatworms) cause debilitating chronic infections of humans and animals, decimate crop production and are a major impediment to socioeconomic development. Here we report a broad comparative study of 81
which has been found in some plants or animals likeEucalyptus nitens19,Salmo trutta20. On the other hand, natural selection may serve as a safeguard to preserve the genetic diversity of wild populations21. Balancing selection is a known mechanism that maintains genetic polymorphism in populations fo...