Whereas postoperative pain was once thought to be an inevitable, albeit severely unpleasant, consequence of surgery, it is now clear that appropriate analgesic therapies can result in effective pain management for nearly all surgical patients. Neverthele
6, 11, 12 Disruptive and manipulative behavior, hostility, and uncooperativeness of drug users13, 14 and their family and associates15 further lessen analgesic administration. Despite increased interest in pain management in chemically dependent patients,16 these difficulties lack objective data regarding...