The experimental data suggest that the amount of initial breakdown-initiating electrons in a breakdown area can be provided by the detachment of electrons from atmospheric oxygen molecules. The effect of detachment depends on the field strength....
aOxygen is required as electrons scavenger to keep the photocatalytic reaction, and the amount of oxygen going into the systemis an important parameter. The air (oxygen) flow into the photocatalytic system should be well regulated, as poor flow of oxygen can bring about an adverse effect on th...
of −1. This property of accepting electrons by complete or partial transfer defines an oxidizing agent. When such an agent reacts with an electron-donating substance, its own oxidation state is lowered. The change (lowering), from the zero to the −2 state in the case of oxygen, is ...
Fig. 4.Schematic diagram of possible charge transfer recombination of electrons and holes[70]. 2.3.3Chemical reaction Chemical reactions can change the chemical state of the oxygen atom, which can lead to detachment of the oxygen atom from its normal position. For example, in some oxygen-contain...
High-resolution measurement of the energy of electrons backscattered from oxygen atoms makes it possible to distinguish between (18)O and (16)O isotopes as the energy of elastically scattered electrons depends on the mass of the scattering atom. Here we show that this approach is suitable for ...
It might be expected that exposure of an elemental semiconductor (e.g., silicon) to electrons whose energy is slightly above the threshold for displacement effects (i.e., that can displace an atom from its lattice site) would create vacancy–interstitial pairs whose characteristics and effects ...
What is the role of O2 in photosynthesis? Why does NAD+ accept two electrons? Why does cellular respiration not produce a unifrom amount of ATP? What is an example of an electron carrier used in aerobic respiration? Explore our homework questions and answers library ...
whereIDis the Faradaic current at the disk,IRthe Faradaic current at the ring andNis the H2O2collection coefficient at the ring. The apparent number of electrons transferred for ORR on the electrodes was also determined by the Koutechy–Levich equation given blow: ...
leading to an internal redistribution of electrons. Whereas questions remain concerning this potential mechanism (such as the identity of the energy source(s), longevity of DOP, catalytic stabilities, electrochemical conditions on exposed versus buried nodules surfaces and the influence of different chemis...
Fundamentally, a semiconductor catalyst is irradiated with the photon energy, resulting in the excitation of electrons (e−) from the valence band to the conduction band, leaving a hole (h+) behind in the conduction band. In typical water-splitting mechanisms, the reducing power of e− is...