Oxidative stress, the earliest event occurring in AD, initially leads neurons to activate neuronal defenses, including stress-activated protein kinases (SAPK), tau (τ) phosphorylation, and amyloid-β (Aβ), to maintain homeostatic balance. However, given the chronic and insidious nature of ...
Some authors reported that CoQ10 may have a beneficial effect in the treatment of oxidative phosphorylation disorders [65] and can reduce oxidative stress in glaucoma patients [66]. Polyphenols are a group of water-soluble, plant-derived substances, characterized by the presence of more than one ...
This is coupled with oxidative phosphorylation to produce chemical energy in form of adenine triphosphate (ATP). Thus, the main function of O2 in aerobes is to serve as a sink to accept the electrons generated during oxidative catabolism of carbon-based fuels for efficient energy production. ...
During energy conversion, ROS are produced as a by-product of oxidative phosphorylation, which is presumed to be the major source of superoxide () production [4, 5]. ROS can also be produced through a variety of enzymes including xanthine oxidase and NAD(P)H oxidase [3]. Under normal ...
XDH is irreversibly converted to XO by proteolysis or reversibly converted by phosphorylation or oxidation of thiols. Structurally, XO comprises a molybdop- terin unit containing an Mo atom. XO is an enzyme widely distributed in mammalian tis- sues. XO catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to ...
DNA oxidation: Mitochondrial DNA is particularly prone to ROS attack due to the presence of O2 - in the ETC, lack of histone protection, and absence of repair mechanisms. Reactive oxygen species are known to promote tyrosine phosphorylation by heightening the effects of tyrosine kinases and preven...
Like BNIP3, NIX also has key domains that can directly bind to Atg8/LC3 in the family-LIR domain as a receptor for autophagy machinery [64]. In this regard, phosphorylation of serine residues flanking the NIX LIR regulates its interaction with LC3 and mitophagy [67]. Moreover, the ...
Endothelial cells (ECs) produce most ATP through glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation; thus mitochondrial ROS production is lower than in other cell types. This makes quantification of changes in EC mitochondrial oxidative status challenging. Here, we present an optimized protocol using ...
level, we focused on the AMPA receptor phosphorylation (AMPAR) at Ser845 (pGluA1Ser845), which is known to be crucial in receptor function, trafficking, and conductance, also in experimental models of experience-dependent synaptic plasticity [81,82,83,84]. Western blot analyses on ACx lysates...
Mitochondrial toxicity can markedly increase glycolysis to compensate for cellular loss of mitochondrial ATP formation by oxidative phosphorylation. This can result in increased lactate plasma levels, which if excessive results in lactic acidosis, which can be lethal. Type A lactic acidosis is primarily ...