Oxidative stress, the earliest event occurring in AD, initially leads neurons to activate neuronal defenses, including stress-activated protein kinases (SAPK), tau (τ) phosphorylation, and amyloid-β (Aβ), to maintain homeostatic balance. However, given the chronic and insidious nature of ...
In contrast, cancer cells prefer to obtain energy from glycolysis in the cytosol even in the abundant oxygen supply, a phenomenon known as the “Warburg effect” [57]. This can be attributed to the fact that the yield rate of glycolysis is much faster than oxidative phosphorylation, even ...
Moreover, the inhibition of Sch9 phosphorylation and the promotion of nuclear translocation of Rim15 and Msn2 were observed after treatment with denrobine. However, the effect of dendrobine disappeared from the Δrim15 yeast mutant after lifespan extension, oxidative stress reduction, and autophagy...
Mitochondrial toxicity can markedly increase glycolysis to compensate for cellular loss of mitochondrial ATP formation by oxidative phosphorylation. This can result in increased lactate plasma levels, which if excessive results in lactic acidosis, which can be lethal. Type A lactic acidosis is primarily ...
DNA oxidation: Mitochondrial DNA is particularly prone to ROS attack due to the presence of O2-in the ETC, lack of histone protection, and absence of repair mechanisms. Reactive oxygen species are known to promote tyrosine phosphorylation by heightening the effects of tyrosine kinases and preventing...
Endothelial cells (ECs) produce most ATP through glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation; thus mitochondrial ROS production is lower than in other cell types. This makes quantification of changes in EC mitochondrial oxidative status challenging. Here, we present an optimized protocol using ...
TGF-β1 exerts biological activity through phosphorylation of downstream mediators Smad2 and Smad3, and the phosphor-Smad2 was reported as molecular marker of TGF-β/activin activity (Thomsen et al., 2017). It has been confirmed that TGF-β1/p-Smad2/3 signaling is highly activated in kidneys...
The process in the ETC is called oxidative phosphorylation, as oxygen is used to generate ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation is comprised of two parts: the ETC and chemiosmosis. In the ETC, electrons pass through a series of redox reactions, releasing energy. In chemiosmosis, ATP is synthesized ...
Mitochondria, as the major generator of cellular energy ATP through the process of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), are also an important source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as electrons constantly leak through the electron transport chain (ETC) [18]. Usually mitochondrial anti-oxidative ...
Additionally, sorbitol, due to its inability to diffuse through lipid membranes, retains water with an increase in osmotic pressure and subsequent cell death, while fructose, once transformed into fructose-3-phosphate through phosphorylation and then into 3-deoxyglucosone, represents a substrate in ...