Oxidative stress, the earliest event occurring in AD, initially leads neurons to activate neuronal defenses, including stress-activated protein kinases (SAPK), tau (τ) phosphorylation, and amyloid-β (Aβ), to
In contrast, cancer cells prefer to obtain energy from glycolysis in the cytosol even in the abundant oxygen supply, a phenomenon known as the “Warburg effect” [57]. This can be attributed to the fact that the yield rate of glycolysis is much faster than oxidative phosphorylation, even ...
This is coupled with oxidative phosphorylation to produce chemical energy in form of adenine triphosphate (ATP). Thus, the main function of O2 in aerobes is to serve as a sink to accept the electrons generated during oxidative catabolism of carbon-based fuels for efficient energy production. ...
peroxynitrite (ONOO−) leading to nitroso-redox imbalance. NADH/NADPH oxidase: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate); (e)NOS: (endothelial) derived nitric oxide synthetase; NO: nitric oxide, NO2: nitric dioxide; mitoch. Oxidat. phosphor, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation; dotted lines:...
XDH is irreversibly converted to XO by proteolysis or reversibly converted by phosphorylation or oxidation of thiols. Structurally, XO comprises a molybdop- terin unit containing an Mo atom. XO is an enzyme widely distributed in mammalian tis- sues. XO catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to ...
Mitochondrial toxicity can markedly increase glycolysis to compensate for cellular loss of mitochondrial ATP formation by oxidative phosphorylation. This can result in increased lactate plasma levels, which if excessive results in lactic acidosis, which can be lethal. Type A lactic acidosis is primarily ...
Therefore, the two processes of substrate oxidation and ADP phosphorylation are ‘uncoupled’ [10]. In mice, brown fat (BAT) thermogenesis has been shown to eliminate glucose and lipids in the blood and reduced the occurrence of metabolic diseases, while brown fat deficiency or UCP1 specific ...
DNA oxidation: Mitochondrial DNA is particularly prone to ROS attack due to the presence of O2-in the ETC, lack of histone protection, and absence of repair mechanisms. Reactive oxygen species are known to promote tyrosine phosphorylation by heightening the effects of tyrosine kinases and preventing...
Endothelial cells (ECs) produce most ATP through glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation; thus mitochondrial ROS production is lower than in other cell types. This makes quantification of changes in EC mitochondrial oxidative status challenging. Here, we present an optimized protocol using ...
This uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in brain mitochondria causes a condition known as “cytopathic hypoxia”, meaning that mitochondrial incapacity to utilize oxygen is independent and respectful of its bioavailability. Additionally, ONOO-radical can introduce disruptions into DNA, thereby triggering...