Because potential output isn't observable, it's often determined using historical data.2 Positive and Negative Output Gaps An output gap is an unfavorable indicator of an economy'sefficiency, regardless of whether it's positive or negative. A positive output gap indicates a high demand for goods...
That being said, it is useful to keep in mind the fact that even in the production function approach, potential GDP, and hence the output gap, isestimated[4]. To illustrate this, consider the OECD different vintages of output gaps running through 2007Q4,here. The resulting graph (including ...
Towards green growth and management: Relative efficiency and gaps of Chinese cities Ting Zhao, Zhenshan Yang, in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017 3.2.1 Metafrontier If y and x are non-negative real output and input vectors of dimension M x 1 and N x 1, respectively, the meta...
Potentialgaps ManyoftheresearchersandscholarsarepaymuchattentiononusinglanguageinputandoutputtheorytosolveoneaspectsofEnglishlearin.Suchas,theinfluenceofOutputtheoryonoralenglishlearing,usingInputtheorytoimproveEnglishreadingablitlityandsoon.Itisusefultoacertaindegree.But,Ithinkitwillbemoreefficientandpracticaltocombine...
They analyzed technological catching-up and structural convergence by decomposing the efficiency gaps into two components: one related to technical efficiency and another that was a structural component. Their main results were that convergence was achieved in both senses. Finally, this paper is ...
Although the import and export of Asia involved large embodied carbon transfer, the gaps of embodied carbon transfers between import and export in Africa were larger. Compared with Africa, the economic development of Asia was relatively better, thus some carbon-intensive products could be imported ...
This can potentially shape future policy by especially helping policymakers to device a more targeted social safety-net policies not only to speed-up recovery, but also to mitigate the negative impact of any future outbreak of a pandemic on household consumption and limit the age gaps in ...
Giorno C, Richardson P, Roseveare D, van den Noord P (1995) Estimating potential output, output gaps and structural budget balances. OECD Economics Department Working Papers 152 IMF (2011) G-20 mutual assessment process: from Pittsburg to Cannes IMF Umbrella Report. IMF, Group of Twenty IMF ...
Giorno C, Richardson P, Roseveare D, van den Noord P (1995) Estimating potential output, output gaps and structural budget balances. OECD Economics Department Working Papers 152 IMF (2011) G-20 mutual assessment process: from Pittsburg to Cannes IMF Umbrella Report. IMF, Group of Twenty IMF ...
In order to address these research gaps, this paper is focused on the construction and performance analysis of multi-output machine learning models for building energy assessment. Two multi-output machine learning methods are Bayesian adaptive spline surface (BASS) and deep neural network (DNN). The...