In vertebrates, physiological stress is commonly defined as an adaptive response to a stressor, or stimulus that is aversive to the individual (Selye1936). The function is to restore internal homeostasis (Cannon1932) within the context of allostasis—the maintenance of internal consistency through nat...
has been described in many organisms as post-transcriptional gene silencing, RNA interference, and quelling, in plants, animals, and fungi, respectively [1,2]. These silencing pathways are involved in transposon silencing, viral defense, DNA elimination, heterochromatin formation, and post-transcriptio...
Center for Biosignature Discovery Automation, Biodesign InstituteArizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA Jiangxin Wang Corresponding author Correspondence to Jiangxin Wang. Additional information Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions LAP, ...
cellular water provides the dissolved materials needed by enzymes and other macromolecules to perform their diverse functions. In this role, water may seem to be merely an inert container of the biochemical systems that
HIV-1 infection; long-term non-progressors; elite controllers; miRNA-Seq; miRNome; differential expression; biomarker discovery1. Introduction HIV natural infection is characterized by continued viral replication, systemic chronic immune activation, and a strong decline of CD4+ T cells. In most ...
However, the accumulation of saturated fatty acid and oligosaccharides might be a defense strategy to minimize ROS damage on cell membranes [28]. Nitrogen-feeding strategies may influence the productivity of high-value products such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, e.g., Crypthecodinium cohnii under ...