Ancestral state reconstructions were performed on two sets of 100 trees, with the internal nodes of each set being dated using two different algorithms, named ‘equal’ and ‘mbl’: while the latter scales all zero-length branches to be equal to a specified length (1 Myr in this case), th...
The universal and deep-seated importance of phosphorus in biology, from its role as a structural component to the basic energy currency of all living cells, has long suggested that it was incorporated early in the history of life1. However, beyond its biological utility, recent advances in preb...
Circos plot showing the 15 pseudo-chromosomal linkage groups; with the Scaly-foot Snail at centre. The outer ring (red peaks) indicates gene density in each pseudo-chromosome, and the inner rings shows the normalized density of the highly expressed genes in the shell-secreting mantle (black pea...
The findings help explain important features of the fossil record, such as why so few early fish fossils are found intact; the wave action of the shallow ocean area likely blasted them into tiny fragments. It also helps scientists make sense of the fact that, over evolutionary time, many fis...
The fuel-oxygen mass (wt%) contents, overall stoichiometric air/fuel ratios, and net heating values of fuel blends E0–E5 or B0–B5 were estimated bearing in mind the mixing percentages of each component involved and the respective data of the diesel fuel, HRD fuel, ethanol, or rapeseed ...
“inquiry” surrounding climate change skepticism or claims about the dangers of routine childhood vaccinations. In each case, what thereis, instead, is a broad consensus among experts who actually engage with research of the relevant kind that the claims being made are too often wildly ill-...
The endomembrane system includes the nuclear envelope and other endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes and the Golgi apparatus, both topologically separate from each other and the cell surface membrane, the plasma membrane. The bacterial cytoplasmic membrane grows by the direct insertion of individual ...
(or earlier) would include the Wadi Howar, Dongola Reach of the Nile Valley, central Nile Valley, Butana (including Shaqadud), and southern Atbai including the Gash Delta. The archaeology of each of these areas is reviewed briefly below with an aim to track, in particular, the early ...