Moreover, this review also showed that a co-cultured microfluidic mucosal model on a chip was created to quickly evaluate mucosal remodeling as well as the responses of the epithelial and subepithelial layers to difficulties typically encountered in the oral environment. In a three-channel microfluidi...
Typically, macronutrient “n” contains chemical energy at low entropy level (high GR) (see arteries, inlet to organ k, in Figure 2) while the products (CO2 and H2O) have high entropy (low GP) leaving through veins due to the release of a fraction of energy as heat (𝑄˙𝑘)(Q˙...
By focusing on these paired differences rather than the absolute values, the paired t-test effectively controls for variability between subjects, providing a more precise measure of the effect or change. If the p-value is less than or equal to 0.05, the difference is typically considered ...
This implies that animals fed ad libitum typically develop all tissues, while underfed animals may experience compromised development [33]. This observation is supported by the existing literature [34], suggesting that older goats primarily store high-calorie fat internally during weight gain, while ...
Download keyboard_arrow_down Browse Figures Versions Notes Abstract Organ-on-a-chip engineering aims to create artificial living organs that mimic the complex and physiological responses of real organs, in order to test drugs by precisely manipulating the cells and their microenvironments. To ...
Thus, Gαq proteins and their increased signaling may not only contribute to the malignancy of uveal melanoma, which typically shows specific mutations in Gαq proteins leading to their hyperactivation, but also to that of cutaneous melanoma not harboring mutations in the Gαq protein [17,32,...
For instance, stamens are typically associated with pollen production and release, which may require higher levels of GA to promote these processes, whereas pistils, which are involved in fertilization and pollen tube growth, might need different hormones (such as CTK and ABA) to regulate ovule ...
Maize is particularly sensitive to moisture at all stages of growth, and drought is the most important natural disaster that affects maize yield: it reduces yields typically by 20%–30%, and severe droughts reduce the yield even more [28,33,34]. Against this background, to deeply understand...
Heart-on-chip devices including microstructures for mechanical and electrical stimulation have been demonstrated to be advantageous to study structural organization and maturation of heart cells. This paper presents the development of metal and polymeric strain gauges for in situ monitoring of mechanical ...