Optimal upper and lower thresholds model for traffic guarantee are proposed to optimize the risk allocation between a government and a concessionaire considering the perspective of lenders and the risk tolerances of the participants. In this study, the condition for the lender to provide the loan is...
The optimum switching thresholds (STs) for attaining maximum spectrum efficiency (SE) are derived by using Lagrange optimization method. An effective iterative algorithm based on Newton method for finding the optimal STs is proposed. With these thresholds, the closed-form expression of SE and average...
However, it is unknown how animals learn these decision thresholds. We examine threshold learning by constructing a reward function that averages over many trials to Wald's cost function that defines decision optimality. These rewards are highly stochastic and hence challenging to optimize, which we...
A similar approach was applied to the categorical variables, which were generated by rounding off continuous values (\(x_{ij}\) or \(\tilde{x}_{ij}\)) to the appropriate thresholds. Note that noise was only added to the observations used for training data; the testing data was unchanged...
The pattern C, which referred to the inlet fuel delivery at cells 1, 3 and 5, showed the best performance. The maximum power output of the stack was 568.4 mW after testing with an experimental fan for 30 days. Liu et al. [158] proposed a pattern feeding methanol feeding by using ...
Conversely, when the negative likelihood ratio of mpMRI is better, approaching 0, higher PSAD thresholds are needed to avoid unnecessary biopsies. This study has certain limitations. Firstly, the identification of csPCa relies on the pathological results from systematic biopsy rather than post-...
These sex-specific thresholds were used to evaluate the difference between the actual TFI and the predicted TFI in relation to UOsm. The difference between the actual TFI and the EFSA AI was then checked against the actual UOsm on the two sides of the 500 mOsm/kg threshold to generate ...
This study identifies and targets subregions with disproportionate environmental impacts and proposes N rate strategies to limit national Nr pollution below proposed environmental thresholds, without compromising soil N stocks or economic benefits for smallholders. Thereafter, the preferable N strategy is ...
Moreover, from the optimal trajectories of leisure, it can be observed that the relatively low fixed and flexible bankruptcy costs, F=0.96 and 1−α=0.1, and the high bankruptcy wealth thresholds enable the agent to enjoy the maximum leisure rate L=0.8 even after suffering the wealth ...
The ideal observer for speed estimation with natural stimuli has a pattern of speed discrimination thresholds (Fig. 5b) that is similar to the pattern characteristic of human performance with simple laboratory stimuli18,25,37,38. For both humans and ideal, as retinal speed increases the Weber ...