Using Finland as an example, we assessed GHG emissions at three scales: the dung pat, pasture ecosystem, and whole lifecycle of milk or beef production. At the first two levels, dung beetles reduced GHG emissions by up to 7% and 12% respectively, mainly through large reductions in methane ...
Nutrient transport by livestock on pasture has been studied intensively (e.g., Haynes and Williams1993; Schnyder et al.2010; Zhou et al.2017a) and we know much about patterns in vegetation diversity and structure created by different livestock species at paddock-scale that play a crucial role ...