The definition of energy, in thermodynamics, is deepened by stating operative definitions of the basic concepts of physics on which it rests, such as those of isolated system, ambient of a system, separable sys
Then, it is only natural that the focus of modern applied quantum theory shifts from idealized closed systems to more realistic open systems where the system (S) of interest—which can be a component of a quantum device—undergoes evolution due to application of various control protocols while ...
Thermodynamics of discrete quantum processes. New J. Phys. 15, 033022 (2013). 26. Batalhao, T. B. et al. Experimental Reconstruction of Work Distribution and Study of Fluctuation Relations in a Closed Quantum System. Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 140601 (2014). 27. Morley, G. W. et al. ...
the boundaries of such a system are impenetrable. 2. Closed systems exchange energy with the environment, but not substance. 3. Open systems exchange both energy and matter with the environment. Classical equilibrium thermodynamics examine isolated systems, which include all high-temperature catalytic ...
This is the violation that people are getting at, when they say that life violates the second law of thermodynamics. This violation, the decrease of logical entropy in a closed system, must happen continually in the Darwinian account of evolutionary progress.” Entropy occurs in all systems. ...
The external terminals of these modules are connected to an electrical load (bulb) to form a closed system for electricity generation. structure of a semiconductor leg plays a limiting role in determining the generator's efficiency. The quality of a semiconductor as a thermoelectric leg is ...
operator for an isolated and closed quantum system in equilibrium states with reversible time evolution, one need not be confused by the paradoxes of time reversibility and irreversibility in this case because the irreversibility originates from the interaction between an open system and the environment...
In the closed system that the both heats of crystallization and melting should be cancelled out according to Eq. (4), those should be melted by Tl in Fig. 1. While in the open system that the heat irradiated by crystallization was escaped out of the system, Tl corre‐ sponded to Tm∞...
There were 537 POPC, 176 CHOL and 135 NaCl molecules in the closed channel POPC/ CHOL system. The open channel POPC/CHOL system contained 525 POPC, 176 CHOL and 115 NaCl mole- cules. Na+ ions were added randomly within the solvent to neutralize the systems. The system was energy mini- ...
The issue is particularly relevant for the so-called "Pure states statistical mechanics"5–19, which aims to under- stand how and in which sense thermal equilibrium properties emerge in a closed quantum system, under the assumption that the dynamic is unitary. In the last fifteen years we ...