On the definition of a confounder. Annals of statistics 41, 196–220 (2013). Article MathSciNet PubMed PubMed Central MATH Google Scholar Vach, W. & Blettner, M. Biased estimation of the odds ratio in case-control studies due to the use of ad hoc methods of correcting for missing ...
B Jonas,S Ulf - 《International Journal of Epidemiology》 被引量: 46发表: 2002年 Toward a clearer definition of confounding. Epidemiologists are aware that the estimated effect of an exposure can be biased if the investigator fails to adjust for confounding factors when analyzing... Weinberg,R ...
Definition of definitive device Definitive device is defined as a closed loop feedback endovascular or surface cooling device that can be used to both induce and maintain therapeutic hypothermia. Criteria for discontinuing or modifying allocated interventions {11b} Temporary cessation of cooling In certain...
Age is known as an important confounder of the pulmonary vascular response during exercise and exercise tolerance, such as peak VO2 and 6MWD. The definition of exercise PH has been established, and its association with poor prognosis in the population, including patients with SSc, is well-known...
Sarcopenia and its implications for the elderly. Presents information on a study on the implications of sarcopenia to the elderly. Definition and epidemiology of sarcopenia; Relationship between muscle ma... Roubenoff,R - 《European Journal of Clinical Nutrition》 被引量: 828发表: 2000年 The ...
However, the definition of loneliness used here has been widely applied by several previous studies involving different cohorts16,46. Third, because a measure of loneliness at a single timepoint was used, we were unable to identify any time-varying associations. A meta-analysis of 76 ...
On the definition of a confounder. Ann. Stat. 2013, 41, 196–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Bernerth, J.B.; Aguinis, H. A critical review and best-practice recommendations for control variable usage. Pers. Psychol. 2016, 69, 229–283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Duffy...
Thus, this paper focuses on the direct and indirect effects of objectively measured greenspace on three dimensions of health (physical health, mental health, and social health), and compares the different effects of greenspace on these health dimensions. Considering the definition of “greenspace”...
We offer a detailed explanation of the definitions of 𝑧𝑐zc, 𝑧𝑒ze, and 𝑧𝑟zr in Definition 2. The modular method [5] helps eliminate redundant causal relationships we do not care about. Figure 1. (a) The causal graph of modular variables. (b) The causal graph of non-...
Table 1. Classification of heat wave (HW) days, risk assignments, and definition of Difference-in-Differences. To estimate the effectiveness of the heat wave warning system, the Difference-in-Differences (DD) approach can be considered. A DD method is a quasi-experimental research design that...