γ specific heat ratio θ crank angle p instantaneous cylinder pressure (bar) T mean gas temperature (K) V cylinder volume (m3) Vr, Tr, Pr volume, temperature and pressure at any reference condition 𝜂𝑏𝑡ℎηbth brake thermal efficiency 𝑚˙𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙m˙fuel fuel mass flow ra...
founded in 1960, which consists of the world’s largest (by volume) holders of crude oil and natural gas reserves.8As such, the OPEC nations had a great deal of economic leverage in determining supply, and therefore the price, of oil in the late 20th century. ...
In refining, several pilot projects use electric coils (instead of fuel gas) to provide heat. The technology is still at an early stage and small in scale. Moreover, the economics are sensitive to the price of electricity compared with gas and to the options for selling...
than shell and tube heat exchanger.Plate heat exchanger are designed to optimize heat transfer, due to the corrugated plates provide greatest surface area through which the heat can be drawn from one gas or liquid to the other.The units also have a flexible design and ...
48 Underground Natural Gas Storage Fields in Pennsylvania Most natural gas is consumed as a fuel source to heat homes and businesses; therefore, the highest demand for natural gas peaks during the winter months. To meet this demand, natural gas that is produced during the summer months must be...
Note that function of seal oil is not only to arrest leakage ofhydrogen gasfrom the generator but also to keep the seal metal at an acceptable temperature limit. During the sealing process, the seal oil takes the heat away from the sealing surface and experiences some rise in temperature that...
Vegetable oil-based biofuels are increasingly used as an alternative to fossil fuels. Initially considered climate-friendly substitutes that improve the greenhouse gas (GHG) budget of the transport sector1,2, they were politically endorsed. Producing countries, such as Indonesia, continue to promote th...
The effect of oil properties (i.e., density, viscosity, and solution gas-oil ratio) and composition (i.e., acid number, base number, and weight percent of nonhydrocarbon components) is included in COBR interactions. Reactions between phases and all aqueous, mineral, oil, and surface species...
My engines, one gas and one diesel, are not set up with oil condition monitoring so I will be guided by good judgement and lab results as to change interval.After I put it in the diesel two unexpected benefits became obvious. The engine, a Mercedes Benz 3.0 turbo diesel, ran much more...
Determination of orally administered 1,8-Cineol in nasal polyp tissues from chronic rhinosinusitis patients using gas chromatography: mass spectrometry Claire MacKenzie Thomas Goerke Ralph Pries Scientific Reports (2023) Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of eucalyptol rich Eucalyptus globulus essential oil alone...