OECD(经济合作与发展组织)的《外商直接投资基准定义》(Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment)是用于规范和统一各国对跨国公司活动的统计定义和分类。该定义详细规定了外商直接投资(FDI)的概念、范围、分类和核算方法,为各国进行跨国公司活动统计和分析提供了统一的基础。 该定义强调了外商直接投资的主要特征,...
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a major driver of globalisation. The Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment sets the world standard for FDI statistics. It provides a single point of reference for statisticians and users on all aspect of FDI statistics, while remaining compatible with ...
Finally, these indexes often implicitly adopt a definition of corruption not aligned with that of respondents or researchers (Heywood, 1997). Alternative solutions leverage observable information. Measures like the observed number of bribery cases, however, are no reliable indicators of corruption since ...
In: OECD definition and selection of competencies final report. Boston: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers; 2003. 31. OECD. Development Co-operation report 2024: tackling poverty and Inequalities through the green transition. Paris: OECD; 2024. https:// doi.org/10.1787/357b63f7...
O 2024 OECD 2024 Box 1.5.Public spending and revenues in Morocco Morocco does not compile data comparable to general government accounts in OECD countries.The major difference between the international definition and the Moroccan is the exclusion of the social security accounts,the SOEs producing pu ...
2007–19 13 Share of Central and Subcentral Programs, by Top Reporters 2018 13 Annexes The Scope of the SCM Agreement: Definition of Subsidy and Specificity 32 Support Measures Allowed without Limit under the Agreement on Agriculture 35 Indicative OECD Matrix of Support Measures, with Illustrative ...
VariableDefinitionUnits of measurementObsMeanStd. Dev.MinMaxSources Renewable Total renewable energy production Exajoules 1069 −3.666 2.261 −11.513 1.816 BP Wind Wind energy generation Terrawatt-hour 781 −0.65 3.171 −8.21 5.832 BP Solar Solar energy generation Terrawatt-hour 633 −2.561 3.28...
variablesdefinitionmeansdminmaxunit CEI Carbon intensity 0.372 0.221 0.063 1.624 % FDT_FD Financial deepening 1.024 0.457 0.002 3.046 % FDT_SZ Financial size 0.952 0.429 0.002 3.046 % FDT_EY Financial efficiency 0.950 0.250 0.334 2.141 % GI Government intervention 0.192 0.038 0.103 0.279 % UR Urbani...
The list of measures may not be comprehensive, as there is only a limited number of laws and implementing decrees available online, and even fewer available in English. In a number of cases, definitions of terms used – even of basic critical legal terms as the proper definition of foreign ...
The rest of the article's structure is as follows: a literature survey and hypothesis development are displayed in Section II. Theoretical development, variables definition, and estimation strategies are reported in Section III, estimation and interpretation available in Section IV; discussion of the ...