The two most well-understood energy transducing reaction schemes are OxPhos and substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis. There is a well-known difference in molar efficiency between OxPhos and substrate-level phosphorylation (i.e., ∼38 mol of ATP/mol glucose via OxPhos, 2 mol ATP/mol ...
1)On the lowest level is themeta-representationof the body (theprotoself), which is already present in primitive animals.This also includes the perception of the state of alertness.There is a continuous transition from alertness to inattentiveness, to sleep, to coma, and finally to death. 2)...
According to utilitarian theory there is a level of welfare, at which the value of a life isneutral[Broome 2004, 142]. Above this level a life isworth living, below it isnot worth living. A neutral life has a value of zero on the hedonic scale [Broome 2004, 257]. In this paper we...