But is the information provided by an observational unit best used in the analysis phase? We propose the use of a "pilot design," in which observations are expended in the design phase of the study, and the posttreatment information from these observations is used to improve study design. ...
Many types of social interaction require the ability to anticipate others' behavior, which is commonly referred to as strategic sophistication. In this context, observational learning can represent a decisive tool for behavioral adaptation. However, litt
Part of the book series:Springer Series in Statistics((SSS)) 4464Accesses Abstract An observational study is biased if the treated and control groups differ prior to treatment in ways that matter for the outcomes under study. An overt bias is one that can be seen in the data at hand-for ...
The main measures of interest were the conditioned responses (differences between reactions to CS+ and CS−, both skin conductance and startle) examined in the direct expression phase. Ratings based on Likert scales were compared using non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test. PASW Statistics 18 (SPSS...
The main theorems in information theory and statistics are put in context, the differences are discussed, and some of the open research problems are mentio... T Cover - IEEE-IMS Workshop on Information Theory & Statistics 被引量: 4751发表: 2002年 Endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid ...
These schools served 133,473 students (District Statistics Bureau of Xiangzhou, Zhuhai, 2020). The lessons evaluated in this study were created and delivered by 61 teachers in 33 public primary schools in Xiangzhou School District. Fifty-four of these teachers were female (89%). Thirty of the...
In contrast, observational studies involve much less control, their expense per unit tends to be lower, but inferences are more difficult to make, and some of the difficulties could not be resolved by increasing the sample size. In many settings, experiments are not feasible, and inferences ...
Statistics - MethodologyCausal inference on a population of units connected through a network often presents technical challenges, including how to account for interference. In the presence of local interference, for instance, potential outcomes of a unit depend on its treatment as well as on the ...
Intensive care unit ISS: Injury severity score LOS: Length of stay NOM: Non-operative management OM: Operative management References Demetriades D, Hadjizacharia P, Constantinou C, Brown C, Inaba K, Rhee P, Salim A. Selective nonoperative management of penetrating abdominal solid organ ...
This study compared the effects on outcome of a model based either on observation in a neurosurgical unit (NSU) or in a peripheral hospital (PH), making use of neurosurgical expertise via a teleradiology system. Patients and methods: The investigation reviewed the data that was prospectively ...