Potential Sources of Observer Bias and the Face Validity of Observational DataRichard J. SpanoUniversity of Alabama
Contagious yawning is when a yawn by one individual induces a yawn in another individual. An assumption of this definition is that the second individual (termed here: the observer) would not have yawned except for the stimulation, visual or auditory, by the first individual (termed here: the ...
Learning to avoid threats often occurs by observing others. Most previous research on observational fear learning (OFL) in humans has used pre-recorded standardized video of an actor and thus lacked ecological validity. Here, we aimed to enhance ecological validity of the OFL by engaging participant...
the observer looks for the occurrence of a particular form of behavior. For example, in the classroom setting, it might be an open-ended question asked by a teacher. In the child–mother–grandmother context, it might be the mother's or grandmother's support ...
1). The serum syndecan-1 concentration was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (Human CD138 ELISA Kit, Diaclone SAS, France). To prevent observer bias, the serum syndecan-1 concentration was measured by a third party not involved in the study. Fig. 1 Serum ...
bias blending. Therefore, Goldberg & Wo´zniak’s measurements of large centroid shifts for a large fraction of microlensing events confirms the prediction of Han and Alard that a large fraction of Galactic bulge events are affected by amplification-bias blending. Subject headings: ...
`Potential Sources of Observer Bias in Police Observational Data', Social Science Research. 32(3), 591-617Spano, Richard. 2005. Potential Sources of Observer Bias in Police Observational Data. Social Science Research, 34, 591-617.Spano R. Potential sources of observer bias in police ...
Conclusions: We propose descriptive as well as analytical techniques that can be used to assess the presence of observer bias. Utilization of some of the techniques proposed in this paper, such as the incorporation of an additional measure of outcome completed by the patients, will help assess ...
declarative items are more likely to be remembered when associated with high value outcomes25. While the benefits of mnemonic processes in choice behavior and planning have been recently explored12,26, it is unclear whether similar prioritization occurs during the encoding phase of experiences that con...
The purpose of this paper is to synthesize fragmented accounts of observer bias in the field research literature by: (1) defining and describing four types of observer bias; (2) operationalizing one type of observer bias (reactivity) by identifying key independent and dependent variables; and (3...