The import of virtual nutrients meant the conservation of domestic nutrient resources, especially P (due to the low cost-effectiveness of recycling through natural cycling, Fig. S6). For instance, the imports to Africa in 2016 embedded 0.37 Tg of virtual P, meaning that the sending system ...
the influence of trade on global N and P cycling is also connected with virtual nutrient flows20. Nutrients required for the production process of products are called virtual nutrients (Fig.1c)21,22. Some surplus phosphorus can be stored in soils as legacy P and can be used for future crop...
When bottom-up models are developed, by detailing the base elements of the system, these are often linked together to form larger subsystems at another scale for example, within a top-down framework. The approach to map the nutrient cycling system in “Mapping the environmental and agricultural ...
More recently, the definition of new pro- duction has been restated as the drawdown of the limit- ing nutrient over the growth period (Aufdenkampe et al. 2002). Nitrate is not the only nutrient limiting growth. Different phytoplankton functional groups take up nutri- ents at different rates ...
(a semi-natural pasture not co-enclosed with an improved area), they were included in the analyses. The preference measures are by definition relative to the area covered by each vegetation type, hence the values 1 (forRP) and 0 (forE), respectively, can be seen as expected outcomes ...